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ANTEQyAi\4  AND  PRIUSQUAM 


WITH  SPECIAL   REFERENCE  TO 


THE  HISTORICAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF 
THEIR  SUBJUNCTIVE  USAGE 


BY 

WALTER  HULLIHEN 


A  DISSERTATION 

^    SUBMITTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF  THE 
JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  IN  CONFORMITY  W^ITH 
THE   REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 
DOCTOR    OF    PHILOSOPHY,    IQOO 


THE  FRIEDENWALD  COMPANY 
BALTIMORE,  MD.,  V.  S.  A. 

1903 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Prefatory  Note 7 

PART  A. 

(11-30) 

Literature  on  the  subject 12 

Importance  of  the  negative 15 

The  use  of  the  subj  unctive 16 

Tense  usage 20 

General  discussion  of  the  various  antequam  (priusquam)  sentences. .  22-30 

Sentences  of  present  time  23 

Sentences  of  future  time 24 

Inf requency  of  the  future  indicative   27 

Sentences  of  past  time 28 

PART  B. 
(31-104) 

Sentences  of  Present  Time 31-54 

Present.  Indicative. 

Generic    31 

Particular   34 

Perfect  Indicative. 

Generic  (positive  leading  sentence) 35 

Generic  (negative  leading  sentence) 37 

Present  Subjunctive. 

Generic    40 

0     Sentences  involving  volition, 

(i)  After  positive  imperative  leading  clause 44 

(2)  Antequam  =  potius  quam  46 

(3)  Volitive  examples  not  falling  under  (i)  and  (2) 47 

Antequam  =  antequam  ut 48 

Indefinite  Second  Person 49 

Subjunctive  or  Infinitive  Sequence 50 

Oratio  Obliqua  Dependence  54 

Sentences  of  Future  Time 54-67 

Present  Indicative  (positive  leading  sentence) 55 

Present  Subjunctive  (positive  leading  sentence) 58 

Future  Perfect  Indicative  (negative  leading  sentence) 59 

Future  Perfect  Indicative  (positive  leading  sentence) 61 

Future  Indicative 62 

Subjunctive  of  volition,  etc.,  in  Future  sentences 6z 

Figura  adwdrav 64 

Oratio  Obliqua  (Present  and  Perfect  Subjunctive) 65 


6  Contents 

PAGE 

Sentences  of  Past  Time  67-101 

Indicative  Mood. 

Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  (positive  leading  sentence)....  68 

Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  (negative  leading  sentence)  ... .  71 

Imperfect   Indicative 74 

Pluperfect    Indicative 74 

Subjunctive  Mood. 

Imperfect  Subjunctive;  positive  leading  sentence. 

(a)  Volitive    76 

(b)  Antequam  =  antequam  ut 77 

(c)  Prospective    79 

(d)  Sentences  combining  characteristics  of  (a),  (b),  and  (c)  81 

(e)  Purely  temporal  relation 82 

Generic  sentence  of  the  past. 85 

Imperfect  Subjunctive;  negative  leading  sentence. 

(a)  Volitive    (insistence) 87 

(b)  Purely  temporal  relation 87 

Subjunctive  or  Infinitive  Sequence 89 

Pluperfect  Subjunctive. 

Parallel  to  Aorist  Indicative  and  Imperfect  Subjunctive 90 

Antequam  =  potius  quam   91 

Generic  sentence  of  the  past  (negative  leading  sentence) 92 

Sub-Oratio  Obliqua 92 

Dependent  upon  negative  result  clause 93 

Dependent  upon  verb  of  a  Contrary  to  Fact  condition. . . 93 

Oratio  Obliqua  Sentences  of  the  Past. 

Future  Sentences. 

(a)  Imperfect  Subjunctive;  positive  leading  sentence 95 

(b)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive;  negative  leading  sentence 97 

(c)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive;  positive  leading  sentence  (rare)  98 
Past  Sentences.                                                                                     ^ 

(a)  Imperfect  Subjunctive;  positive  leading  sentence 98 

(b)  Imperfect  Subjunctive;  negative  leading  sentence 99 

(c)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive;  positive   leading  sentence 99 

(d)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive;  negative  leading  sentence 100 

(e)  Perfect  Subjunctive;  positive  leading  sentence 100 

(f)  Perfect  Subjunctive;  negative  leading  sentence loi 

Infinitive  Construction loi 

Participial    Construction 102 

Nullum  aut  idem  Verbum 102 

Unclassified    104 

Bibliography  (Editions  of  Texts) 105 

Bibliography  (General)    107 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 

In  publishing  this  discussion  of  the  subject  with  which  these 
pages  are  concerned  it  is  not  the  intention  of  the  writer  that  it 
shall  be  his  final  word  upon  that  subject.  On  the  contrary,  he 
takes  this  occasion  to  announce  his  purpose  of  publishing  in  the 
future  a  fuller  and  consequently  more  satisfactory  treatment  of  it, 
in  which  the  related  particles  dum,  donee,  and  quoad  will  be  con- 
sidered, and  in  which  a  great  deal  of  already  collected  material  in 
the  matter  of  annotations,  references,  etc.,  will  be  given,  which 
the  brevity  of  this  paper  has  necessitated  omitting.  Such  an 
amplification  and  elaboration  of  the  discussion  will,  however,  re- 
quire more  time  than  is  now  available,  for  it  has  become  necessary 
to  publish  in  its  present  form  this  paper  which  was  presented  as 
a  Doctor's  Dissertation  in  1900  to  the  Faculty  of  Philosophy  of 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

The  period  examined  for  examples  embraces  the  whole  of  the 
Latin  literary  remains  from  the  earliest  fragments  down  to  Sue- 
tonius, inclusive. 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  the  writer  at  this  time  to  give  any  de- 
tailed account  of  the  origin  of  the  conjunctions  antequam  and 
priusquam,  nor  to  attempt  an  extended  analysis  of  the  use  of  the 
one  as  compared  with  that  of  the  other;  nevertheless,  in  this  con- 
nection, it  seems  necessary  to  note  some  of  the  more  general  con- 
clusions which  are  suggested  by  a  survey  of  the  whole  field  of 
investigation.^ 

In  regard  to  the  comparative  frequency  of  antequam  and  prius- 
quam,  it  may  be  said  that  the  total  number  of  occurrences  of  the 

^  Helm,  in  the  Classical  Review,  1900,  has  a  small  article  upon  this  sub- 
ject, giving  the  statistics  of  his  examination  of  parts  of  several  authors. 


8  Prefatory  Note 

one  is  almost  equal  to  that  of  the  other;  the  ratio  being  thirteen 
examples  of  antequam  to  every  fourteen  of  priusquam. 

Certain  writers  show  a  marked  predilection  for  antequam,  others 
for  priusquam,  and  still  others  use  one  as  often  as  the  other. 

That  priusquam  was  the  older  form  and  consequently  the  one 
most  used  in  early  Latin  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  Plautus  has 
over  eighty  examples  of  priusquam,  but  none  of  antequam,  and 
Terence  only  one  example  of  antequam  to  twenty-four  of  prius- 
quam. 

Cato,  however,  uses  antequam  almost  as  often  as  he  does  prius- 
quam (a.  q.  six  times,  p.  q.  seven  times)  ;  from  which  the  infer- 
ence may  be  drawn  that  as  early  as  his  time  the  use  of  antequam 
w^s  well  established. 

After  Terence  no  period  can  be  pointed  to  as  showing  a  decided 
preference  for  either  form.  There  seems  to  be  absolutely  no  dis- 
tinction in  their  use  outside  of  the  personal  preference  of  the  writer 
or  the  demands  of  euphony ;  every  attempt  to  establish  a  distinc- 
tion breaks  down  under  a  rigid  application  of  it  to  any  large 
number  of  examples. 

The  fact  that  in  Caesar,  Bell.  Afr.,  Bell.  Alex.,  Bell.  Hisp., 
Nepos,  and  Sallust  the  proportion  of  priusquams  to  antequams 
is  seventeen  to  one,  and  in  Livy  more  than  three  to  one,  suggests 
that  priusquam  was  felt  to  be  better  suited  than  antequam  to  his- 
torical narrative ;  but  this  view  was  evidently  not  held  by  Tacitus, 
for  he  uses  antequam  six  times  as  often  as  priusquam;  nor  by  Vel- 
leius  Paterculus,  in  whose  writings  the  proportion  in  favor  of 
antequam  is  eleven  to  one;  nor  by  Curtius,  whose  proportion  is 
twenty-one  to  fifteen  in  favor  of  antequam. 

In  general,  however,  it  may  be  said  that  after  Terence,  except 
in  Caesar,  Nepos,  Sallust,  Livy,  Valerius  Maximus,  the  elder 
Pliny,  and  Suetonius,  antequam  was  more  commonly  used  than 
priusquam. 

When  Schmalz  (Miiller's  Handbuch,  IL  2.  301)  says:  "  iiber- 
haupt  ist  festzustellen,  dass  antequam  in  klass.  Zeit  zuriicktritt,  bei 


Prefatory  Note  9 

Beginn  des  silb.  Lateins  sich  um  so  bemerklicher  macht,  um 
spater  dann  sich  ziemlich  gleichmassig  mit  priusquam  in  den 
Besitz  zu  teilen,"  he  seems,  for  the  "  klass.  Zeit,"  to  have  had  his 
attention  fixed  upon  Caesar,  Nepos,  and  Sallust,  and  to  have  over- 
looked Cicero  who  has  twice  as  many  examples  of  antequam  as 
he  has  of  priusquam. 

In  Cicero,  Varro,  Caesar,  Catullus,  Propertius,  Tibullus,  Nepos, 
Sallust,  Ovid,  Horace,  Vergil,  and  ad  Herenn.  (which  may  be 
taken  as  a  fair  representation  of  the  "klass.  Zeit"),  the  propor- 
tion is  six  examples  of  antequam  to  every  five  of  priusquam. 

In  only  one  case  can  we  say  that  any  regular  or  sustained  pref- 
erence is  shown  by  all  writers  for  one  as  distinguished  from  the 
other,  viz. ;  if  the  dependent  clause  is  Hmited  by  some  word  or 
phrase  indicating  the  extent  of  the  interval  between  its  time  and 
that  of  the  leading  verb,  antequam  is  almost  universally  used ;  e.  g., 
Cicero  ad  att.  13.  32.  3  annis  XIIII  ante,  quam  praetor  factus  est; 
and  Suetonius  domit.  23  ante  paucos  quam  occideretur  menses 
cornix  .  .  .  elocuta  est. 

The  preference  for  antequam  here  is  evidently  due  to  the  analo- 
gous use  of  the  preposition  ante.  Very  few  examples  occur  in 
which  priusquam  is  used  in  a  sentence  of  this  kind.  Plautus,  who 
does  not  know  the  conjunction  antequam,  has  one  (Plant,  poen. 
66)  ;  Livy  one  (Livy  36.  26.  i)  ;  Columella  two  (Colum.  r.  r. 
6.  27.  7;  r.  r.  2.  8.  2). 


PART  A. 

( I )  For  the  past  twenty-five  years  it  has  been  generally  conceded 
by  scholars  that  the  most  valuable  results  in  syntactical  investiga- 
tion can  only  be  obtained  by  a  more  or  less  complete  examination 
of  wide  reaches  of  language.  Since  Draeger  and  Kiihner  first 
made  any  extended  application  of  this  so-called  historical  method, 
a  very  large  proportion,  in  fact  most,  of  the  dissertations  and 
treatises  upon  syntactical  subjects  have  been  constructed  along 
the  same  general  lines/  The  advantages  are  obvious  and  many 
when  all  the  examples  of  a  given  construction  occurring  in  certain 
authors,  or  between  certain  limits  of  time,  are  given  and  classified, 
and  the  deductions  suggested  by  them  presented.  Even  when 
these  classifications  and  deductions  do  not  meet  with  the  approval 
or  acceptance  of  critical  scholarship,  the  collection  of  material 
must  be  valuable,  if  for  no  other  reason  than  because  of  its  com- 
pleteness. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  much  light  will  be  shed  upon 
some  of  the  problems  of  Subjunctive  usage  which  have  never 
received  an  adequate  or  satisfactory  explanation,  when  an  exhaus- 
tive account  and  record  of  the  use  of  all  the  Latin  subordinating 
conjunctions  shall  be  given  from  their  first  occurrence  in  the 
earliest  remains  of  the  language  down  to  the  time  of  the  Antonines 
or  later.  It  is  for  this  reason,  as  well  as  because  of  its  evident 
value  to  this  investigation,  that  in  preparing  this  paper  an  attempt 
has  been  made  to  present  every  example  occurring  in  every  Latin 
author  of  whom  we  have  any  remains  from  the  early  Tragic  and 
Comic  Fragments  down  to  Suetonius. 

Too  much,  however,  must  not  be  expected  from  even  the  most 

^  Morris,  Principles  and  Methods  in  Latin  Syntax,  p.  4 


12  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

complete  collection.  The  investigator  is  seriously  hampered  in 
tracing  the  historical  growth  of  a  construction  by  the  fragmentary 
character  of  the  remains  of  Latin  literature.  In  early  Latin,  that 
is,  before  Caesar,  we  have  nothing  to  guide  us  as  to  the  usage  of 
historical  narrative,  since  it  has  given  us  nothing  in  the  historical 
style;  after  the  Plays  of  Plautus  and  the  Letters  of  Cicero, 
we  have  nothing  of  sufficiently  marked  colloquial  character  (the 
Letters  of  Seneca  helping  but  little)  to  give  us  any  definite  idea 
of  the  changes  which  must  have  taken  place  in  colloquial  usage. 
All  of  this  must  be  borne  in  mind  and  allowance  made  for  it  when 
comparison  is  made  of  constructions  occurring  in  different  periods 
of  the  language. 

THE  LITERATURE  ON  THE  SUBJECT. 

(2)  Reference  to  all  the  more  extensive  grammatical  works 
shows  how  much  the  compilers  have  been  hampered  in  the  discus- 
sion of  the  use  of  the  particles  antequam  and  priusquam  by  the 
lack  of  data,  and  one,  Riemann,  in  his  very  excellent  discussion  of 
the  subject,  frankly  acknowledges  that  a  lack  of  sufficient  data 
renders  it  impossible  for  him  to  state  with  certainty  the  law  relat- 
ing to  certain  categories. 

It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  no  extended  treatment  has  ever 
been  attempted  of  a  conjunction  as  important  and  as  irregular  as 
this  one;  that  no  one  has  ever  tried  to  do  for  antequam  {prius- 
quam) what  Sturm  in  1882  did  for  its  Greek  analogue  irpiv.^ 
The  only  treatise  devoted  specifically  to  the  discussion  of  antequam 
{priusquam)  which  has  appeared  up  to  this  time,  is  H.  S.  Anton's 
"  Beobachtungen  iiber  die  Zeitpartikeln  Antequam  und  Prius- 
quam" Erfurt,  1871.  This  "Festschrift"  of  50  pages  is  almost 
exclusively  devoted  to  the  establishment  of  the  rule  which  is  enun- 
ciated upon  p.  49,  as  follows :  "  der  Indicativ  Perfecti  steht  nach 
'non  ante  (prius)  quam,'  wenn  auch  im  Hauptsatz  der  Indicativ 
Perfecti  steht,  mit  einziger  Ausnahme  des  Falles,  in  dem  das 

'Sturm,  Geschichtliche  Entwickelung  der  Constructionen  mit  Tlpiv. 


The  Literature  on  the  Subject  13 

consilium  des  Handelnden  besonders  hervorgehoben  werden  soil, 
und  wie  sich  von  selbst  versteht,  in  oratio  ohliqua."  Doeleke  as 
early  as  1835  had  practically  given  this  same  rule.  In  his  Gram- 
mar, Leipsic,  1835,  p.  215,  he  says:  "  Uebrigens  kommt  auch 
beim  Erzahlen,  wiewohl  nicht  gewohnlich,  das  Perfect.  (Indicat.) 
.  .  .  ;  jedes  Mai  muss  jedoch  das  Perfect,  stehen,  wenn  eine 
Negation  bei  bevor  ist " ;  Anton  cites  this,  but  criticizes  it  because 
of  the  limitation  he  thinks  was  intended  by  the  words  "  beim 
Erzahlen/'  a  limitation  which,  in  his  opinion,  would  exclude  cer- 
tain examples  from  Cicero,  and  further  because  no  mention  is 
made  of  the  tense  of  the  verb  in  the  leading  clause,  which  his  rule 
limits  to  the  Perfect  Indicative  in  order  to  avoid  its  contra- 
diction by  several  examples  of  his  collection  in  which  the 
Imperfect  Indicative  occurs  in  the  leading  sentence.  Had  his 
collection  of  examples  been  more  complete  he  would  have  found 
that  even  by  limiting  the  tense  of  the  leading  verb  to  the  Perfect 
it  is  impossible  to  exclude  exceptions  and  he  would  probably  have 
omitted  from  his  rule  this  limitation  which  detracts  from  rather 
than  adds  to  its  value.  ^~ 

The  only  other  special  treatise  bearing  upon  the  uses  of  ante- 
quam  (priusquam)  is  Hale's  "  Anticipatory  Subjunctive  in  Greek 
and  Latin,"  in  which  the  author  refers  to  what  he  styles  the 
"  Anticipatory  Subjunctive  "  a  number  of  the  Subjunctive  uses 
with  antequam  (priusquam). 

This  paper,  however,  with  the  exception  of  an  interesting  note 
upon  the  probable  origin  of  the  use  of  the  Present  Indicative  in 
future  sentences,  is  not  concerned  with  any  of  the  many  other  uses 
of  antequam  (priusquam).  Besides  these  two,  nothing  of  any  ex- 
tent has  appeared  outside  of  the  general  grammatical  works. 

In  the  Classical  Review  for  1893,  p.  8,  Sonnenschein  expresses 
the  opinion  "  that  in  temporal  clauses  introduced  by  antequam, 
priusquam,  donee,  quoad,  and  dum,  the  real  effect  of  the  Subjunc- 
tive mood  is  to  mark  the  action  as  in  prospect  or  contemplated; 
.  .  .  that  the  commonly  received  doctrine  of  purpose  is  too  nar- 
row."    Inge,  in  the  Classical  Review,  1893,  p.  148,  replies  to  this 


14  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

slur  upon  "  the  commonly  received  doctrine  of  purpose  "  in  a  note 
characterized  by  acerbity  rather  than  argumentation.  The  two 
examples  of  priusquam  selected  by  Sonnenschein  in  illustration 
of  his  point  are  not  good  ones  for  that  purpose ;  "  confugiamus 
priusquam  (is)  hue  scelestus  leno  veniat  nosque  hie  opprimat"; 
and  "  antequam  se  hostes  ex  terrore  reciperent,  ad  oppidum  con- 
tendit " ;  in  both  of  which  "  volition  "  is  very  marked,  neverthe- 
less the  main  thesis  of  the  article  is  undoubtedly  true. 

Two  articles  which  appeared  in  the  Bolletino  di  Filologia  Clas- 
sica,  1898,  p.  257  (G.  Pescatori),  and  1899,  p.  42  (M.  A.  Mica- 
lella),  need  only  be  mentioned.  Kiihnast,  Livianische  Sprache, 
1872,  devotes  several  pages  to  the  discussion  of  the  use  of 
the  conjunctions  in  Livy,  but  adds  nothing  to  the  now  gen- 
erally accepted  views.  His  remarks  are  marred  for  the  aver- 
age reader  by  the  fact  that  the  text  is  not  given  of  the  examples 
quoted  and  must  be  hunted  out  one  at  a  time,  which  makes  com- 
parison of  sentences  in  one  category  with  those  in  another  almost 
impossible. 

Among  the  larger  grammars,  Draeger  II,  512  ff.,  Riemann, 
Gram.  Compar.  460  ff.,  Schmalz,  Syntax  301  (Miiller's  Hdb.  II, 
2),  Kiihner  II,  209,  Hand's  Tursellinus  I,  p.  394  ff.,  and  IV,  p. 
566  ff.,  and  Reisig  III,  p.  390  contain  the  fullest  exposition  of  the 
subject  both  as  to  functional  definition  and  number  of  examples. 
Among  them  Draeger's  collection  of  examples  is  by  far  the  largest 
and  his  subdivision  in  classifying  them  the  most  careful  and  minute. 
In  Riemann,  however,  we  find  perhaps  the  best  general  treatment 
of  the  subject  as  a  whole ;  the  clearest  and  most  intelligent  descrip- 
tion of  the  various  categories.  None  of  these,  however,  make  any 
effort  to  discuss  the  nature  of  the  relation  presented  by  antequam 
{priusquam)  or  the  general  theory  of  its  use.  This  is  done  by 
Gildersleeve  for  trpiv  in  an  article  upon  "  Upiv  in  the  Attic  Ora- 
tors," in  the  American  Journal  of  Philology,  1881,  p.  465  ff.,  and 
though  his  article  is  specifically  concerned  with  the  use  of  the 
Greek  conjunction  only,  the  general  remarks  upon  the  nature  of 
the  conjunction  are  of  the  highest  importance  to  the  understand- 


Importance  of  the  Negative  15 

ing  of  the  uses  of  the  Latin  analogue  anteqiiam.  They  may  even 
be  said  to  be  of  greater  importance  to  the  Latin  than  to  the  Greek, 
in  that  the  use  of  the  Greek  particle  npiv  is  simple  as  compared 
with  that  of  antequam,  in  the  use  of  which  the  question  of  tense 
is  added  to  those  which  have  to  be  considered  in  the  parallel  Greek 
construction. 

IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  NEGATIVE. 

(3)  Due  importance  has  never  been  given  to  the  part  played  by 
the  negative  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  sentence;  either  the 
negative  implied  in  the  conjunction  itself,  or  the  free  negative 
when  it  occurs  in  the  leading  clause.  For  antequam  (priusquam) , 
as  Gildersleeve  says  of  nplv  in  the  article  mentioned  above,'  is  a 
comparative  formation;  from  which  a  distinctly  negative  char- 
acter follows.  Since  it  is  itself  negative,  the  importance  of  the 
negative  in  the  leading  clause,  the  effect  of  which  is  the  nullifica- 
tion of  the  negative  in  the  conjunction,  is  obvious. 

Moreover,  the  presence  of  a  negative  in  the  leading  clause  in- 
verts the  antecedence  and  subsequence  of  the  principal  and  subor- 
dinate clauses,  and  changes  the  meaning  from  '  before '  to  '  until,' 
the  importance  of  which  is  great  in  a  language  in  which  the 
ground  plan  of  tense  usage  is  based  upon  the  antecedence  and 
subsequence  of  actions  whose  time  is  brought  into  comparison. 

It  is  important  to  observe  that  the  negative  character  of  the 
leading  clause  is  not  always  indicated  by  an  expressed  negative, 
but  may  be  implied  in  the  sense  of  the  passage;  a  good  test  of 
its  presence  in  doubtful  passages  being  the  application  of  the  two 
translations  '  before  '  and  '  until.' 

And  further  the  consideration  of  the  negative  character  of  the 
conjunction  furnishes  an  explanation  of  the  infrequency  of  its  use 
with  the  Imperfect  Indicative.*    The  natural  tense  with  a  negative 

^A.  J.  P.,  1881,  p.  465. 

*This  statement  is  not  to  be  considered  as  an  argument  against  the  use 
of  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive,  since  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  was  as 
much  used  as  an  Aorist  Subjunctive  as  it  was  in  the  capacity  suggested 
by  its  name. 


i6  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

is  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  or  Pluperfect/  *' The  tenses  of  continu- 
ance are  used  with  the  negative  only  when  there  is  a  notion  of 
opposition  to  the  positive,  of  resistance  to  pressure,"  *  into  which 
the  element  of  will  very  easily  and  naturally  enters  in  subordinate 
clauses ;  so  that  in  most  cases  in  which  an  Imperfect  would  be 
desired  in  an  antequam  sentence  the  Subjunctive  would  be  used. 

All  of  the  examples  of  the  Imperfect  Indicative  which  occur 
(there  are  only  six)  have  negatives  in  their  leading  sentences 
which  nullify  the  negative  in  the  conjunction  (see  p.  74). 

Mention  is  made  in  many  of  the  grammars,  as  well  as  in  the 
special  treatises  alluded  to  above,  of  the  infrequency  of  the  use 
of  the  Imperfect  Indicative,  some  even  making  the  statement  that 
it  is  entirely  excluded  from  use,  but  nowhere  has  the  explanation 
of  the  phenomenon  been  given,  although  it  is  of  considerable  im- 
portance as  illustrative  of  one  of  the  principles  controlling  the 
tense  usage  with  antequam  {priusquam). 

THE  USE  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

(4)  The  use  of  the  Subjunctive  with  antequam  {priusquam) 
became  more  and  more  common  as  the  language  grew  older,  in- 
vading constantly  the  sphere  held  by  the  Indicative  in  the  early 
usage.  The  rule  generally  enunciated  with  regard  to  the  distinc- 
tion between  the  use  of  the  Indicative  and  the  use  of  the  Subjunc- 
tive with  antequam  {priusquam)  is  in  brief,  "  that  the  Indicative 
is  used  where  the  antequam  {priusquam)  clause  expresses  a  fact, 
that  the  Subjunctive  is  used  whenever  the  antequam  {priusquam) 
clause  expresses  an  action  as  designed,  contingent,  or  ideal."  It  is 
evident,  however,  from  the  complete  list  of  examples  that,  as  a 
result  of  the  many  impulses  to  the  use  of  the  Subjunctive  with 
antequam  {priusquam),  early  in  the  language  it  began  to  be  felt 
that  the  Subjunctive  was  the  normal  use  with  them,  the  examples 
being  few    (except  after  negative  leading  sentences)    in  which 

'The    reason    for   the    infrequency    of   the    Pluperfect   Indicative   with 
antequam  {priusquam)  will  be  discussed  later. 
•  Gildersleeve,  A.  J.  P.,  2  (1881),  p.  466. 


The  Use  of  the  Subjunctive  17 

antequam  (priusquam)  clause  was  felt  to  express  a  simple  fact. 
The  greatest  persistence  of  the  Indicative  is  found,  as  would  be 
expected,  in  writings  marked  by  colloquial  style  which  is  slow  to 
change  from  the  established  forms  of  conversation  to  the  more 
accurate  ones  of  written  language. 

The  sentences  in  which  the  Subjunctive  was  used  even  in  the 
early  language,  with  antequam  and  priusquam,  may  be  divided 
into  four  general  classes  : 

(i)  Sentences  in  which  "volition"  on  the  part  of  some  one 
intimately  connected  with  the  principal  action  is  to  be  expressed. 
When  the  sentence  is  positive  this  "  volition  "  takes  the  form  of  a 
desire  for  prior  prevention  of  the  dependent  action;  when  the 
sentence  is  negative  (rare),  it  usually  takes  the  form  of  insistence 
upon  the  dependent  action. 

{2)  Sentences  in  which  the  sense  of  antequam  {priusquam) 
is  felt  to  be  antequam  (priusquam)  ut,  equal  to  ut  non  .  .  .  prius. 
In  this  the  conception  is  that  the  principal  action  occurs  too  soon 
for  the  dependent  action  to  occur  first;  which  is,  of  course,  only 
another  way  than  the  usual  one  of  conceiving  the  simple  relation 
of  "before,"  and  one  which  originates  in  Latin  because  of  the 
comparative  nature  of  the  conjunction. 

The  usual  statement  that  'the  Subjunctiv*.  is  used  when  the 
dependent  action  is  prevented  by  the  action  of  the  main  clause,'  ^  is 
referable  to  this  category,  but  is  too  narrow,  the  verb  in  the  main 
clause  being  thus  limited  to  a  few  special  meanings  such  as 
"  interficio,"  "  morior  "  and  the  like ;  too  narrow,  that  is,  if  it  is 
meant  that  this  Subjunctive  use  is  confined  to  those  sentences  in 
which  the  dependent  action  is  prevented  absolutely  by  the  leading 
action,  as  in  Livy  35.  27.  7.  "  multi  prius  incendio  absumpti  sunt, 
quam  hostium  advertum  sentiret,"  or  Nepos,  datam  9.  5.  "prius- 
quam pervenirent  ad  eum  quem  aggredi  volebant,  confixi  con- 
ciderunt."  It  is  true  that  such  examples  offer  the  most  striking 
illustration  of  the  principle  involved,  but  the  Subjunctive  is  due 
to  the  comparative  rather  than  to  the  "  prevention  " ;  "  prevention  " 

'Draeger  II.  512.  2.  c.  a. 


1 8  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

is  only  an  incidental  characteristic  and  varies  from  absolute  to 
partial  or  temporary.  In  Cicero  verr.  2.  4.  147.  ''  nam  antequam 
verbum  facerem,  de  sella  surrexit  atque  abiit,"  we  have  a  good 
example  of  partial  or  temporary  prevention ;  here  the  sense  is  "he 
departed  too  soon  for  me  to  speak  a  word  first,"  ("before  I 
could  speak  a  word").  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  sentences  of 
this  type  require  by  their  sense  the  use  of  the  auxiliary  "  can  "  in 
an  idiomatic  English  translation,  while  in  the  instances  of  absolute 
prevention  it  is  often  best  to  omit  it.  Sentences  of  this  type  often 
approach  very  closely  to  those  of  the  "  volitive  "  type  out  of  which 
they  probably  grew,  as  did  other  "  result "  clauses  from  those  of 
"  purpose,"  by  means  of  a  shift  in  the  point  of  view. 

Since  every  action  which  occurs  before  another  occurs  too  soon 
for  the  other  to  take  place  first,  it  is  evident  that  an  extension  of 
the  original  principle  might  be  made  to  cover  a  very  wide  field, 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  rapid  spread  of  the  Subjunctive  usage 
was  in  a  great  measure  effected  by  this.  In  this  paper,  however, 
only  those  examples  are  referred  to  this  category  in  which  the 
context  plainly  points  to  this  conception. 

(j)  Sentences  in  which  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause  is 
conceived  as  looked  forward  to  by  some  one  intimately  connected 
with  the  action  of  the  leading  sentence.  Hale,  in  his  "Antici- 
patory Subjunctive  in  Greek  and  Latin,"  has  called  the  Subjunc- 
tive clauses  of  this  kind  "  anticipatory,"  because,  as  he  says  p.  6, 
he  has  for  this  name  the  warrant  of  Gildersleeve's  employment  of 
it  in  his  Greek  syntactical  work,  and  because  it  has  the  distinct 
advantage  of  being  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  abstract  noun 
('anticipation')  indicating  the  state  of  mind  under  which  the 
mode  is  used,  which  "  prospective  "  has  not.  If  a  name  is  to  be 
given  to  this  use  of  the  Subjunctive  it  should,  I  think,  be  called 
"  prospective,"  at  least  as  far  as  the  antequam  {priusquam)  sen- 
tence is  concerned,  rather  than  "  anticipatory,"  as  descriptive  of  the 
state  of  mind  under  which  the  mode  is  used.  I  know  of  no  em- 
ployment in  Gildersleeve's  Greek  syntactical  work  of  the  term 
"anticipatory  Subjunctive"  except  in  connection  with  the^av4- 


The  Use  of  the  Subjunctive  19 

Subj.  conditional  Protasis,  to  which  these  uses  are  by  no  means 
parallel. 

"  Anticipation,"  says  Gildersleeve,^  "  is  not  expectation,  though 
it  is  loosely  used  for  expectation.  Anticipation  treats  the  future 
as  if  it  were  present."  This  is  not  characteristic  of  the  antequam 
(priusquam)  sentence  to  which  Hale  gives  the  name  'anticipatory/ 

This  "  prospective  "  use  of  the  Subjunctive  in  the  antequam 
(priusquam)  clause  is  most  common  (probably  because  of  the 
greater  bulk  of  historical  narrative)  in  sentences  of  the  past  and 
is  capable  of  a  very  natural  explanation. 

It  is  well  established  that  a  Future  or  Future  Exactum  of  Oratio 
Recta  was  expressed  in  the  Subjunctive  in  Oratio  Obliqua  of  the 
past  by  the  Imperfect  and  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  respectively; 
and  in  the  past  sentence  in  which  the  dependent  action  is  looked 
forward  to,  the  dependent  clause  being  part  of  the  thought  of 
some  person  other  than  the  speaker  is  virtual  Oratio  Obliqua  and 
must  be  expressed  by  the  Subjunctive.  The  spread  of  this  usage 
was  naturally  great,  as  it  was  of  wide  application.  A  future  from 
a  past  point  of  view  could  only  be  expressed  (  as  a  finite  tense) 
by  the  Imperfect  or  Pluperfect  Subjunctive,  and  it  was  possible 
to  consider  the  dependent  antequam  (priusquam)  clause,  in  every 
past  sentence,  as  future  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  leading 
clause.  It  is  not  claimed  that  this  was  done,  but  its  possibility  is 
significant  in  support  of  the  argument  that  the  ultimate  univer- 
sality of  the  Subjunctive  usage  with  these  conjunctions  was  the 
logical  result  of  the  nature  of  the  sentence  in  which  they  were  used. 

In  regard  to  sentences  with  present  or  future  leading  clauses  it 
may  be  said  that  those  which  seem  to  fall  under  this  head  are  very 
few.  (I  do  not  refer  the  generic  sentence  of  the  present  to  an  ex- 
tension of  this  principle  as  Hale  does,  p.  86.) 

The  use  of  the  present  subjunctive  after  an  historical  present 
leading  clause  is  a  natural  consequence  of  analogy  to  the  past 
sentences  just  discussed.  In  the  very  few  future  sentences  in 
which  this  Subjunctive  is  used  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  Sub- 

«A.  J.  P.,  Ill,  p.  436. 


20  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

junctive  is  due  to  the  prospective  character  of  the  clause,  or  is 
simply  an  effort  to  express  by  a  more  definitely  future  form  than 
the  Present  Indicative  (the  common  usage)  the  definitely  future 
time  of  the  dependent  clause. 

(4)  Sentences  in  which  by  default  of  a  better  name,  the  Sub- 
junctive may  be  called  the  Subjunctive  of  Ideality;  ideality  as 
opposed  to  fact.  In  such  sentences  the  Subjunctive  seems  to  be 
used  because  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  does  not  refer  to 
any  definite  action  or  time  of  occurrence;  as  in  the  generic  sen- 
tence, the  sentence  of  repeated  or  habitual  action.  This  explana- 
tion of  the  generic  sentence  is  given  with  some  hesitation;  an 
investigation  by  the  writer  of  the  generic  sentences  of  the  related 
conjunctions  which  it  is  hoped  will  shed  some  light  upon  the 
question,  is  not  yet  complete.* 

Under  this  general  head,  perhaps,  ought  to  be  classed  the  Sub- 
junctive with  antequam  (priusquam)  dependent  upon  Ideal  (Less 
Vivid)  and  Unreal  (contrary  to  fact)  protases  and  apodoses,  infi- 
nitives, etc.,  etc. 

TENSE  USAGE. 

(5)  The  theory  of  the  tense  usage  with  antequam  (priusquam) 
is  rather  more  elusive  than  that  of  most  of  the  other  subordinat- 
ing conjunctions. 

In  the  case  of  most  of  the  subordinating  conjunctions  the  • 
tense  usage  is  determined  by  the  question  of  coincidence,  ante- 
cedence or  subsequence  of  two  clauses.  The  question  asked  in 
determining  the  tense  of  the  subordinate  clause  is  whether  its  time 
is  coincident,  antecedent,  or  subsequent  to  that  of  the  leading  sen- 
tence, and  upon  the  answer  hinges  the  selection  of  the  tense.  But 
in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  sentence  the  antecedence  and  sub- 
sequence of  the  two  clauses  is  distinctly  expressed  by  the  conjunc- 
tion and  a  sort  of  confusion  of  the  mind  as  to  the  choice  of  tense 

®  The  material  collected  makes  it  possible,  however,  to  state  that  the  Sub- 
junctive is  used  widi  donee  in  the  generic  sentence  of  the  present. 


Tense  Usage  21 

results  from  this  ability  to  express  the  antecedence  of  one  clause 
and  the  subsequence  of  the  other  without  the  use  of  the  tenses 
usually  required  for  this  purpose. 

The  negative  plays  a  most  important  part  in  the  question  of 
tense  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  sentence  since  its  presence  in 
the  leading  clause  inverts  the  antecedence  and  subsequence  of 
the  two  clauses  as  it  exists  in  the  positive  sentence. 

It  is  often  remarked  that  the  Pluperfect  Indicative  does  not 
occur  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause.  In  the  positive  sen- 
tence this  is  entirely  natural.  In  the  positive  sentence  the  depend- 
ent action  is  subsequent  in  time  to  that  of  the  leading  sentence. 
The  Pluperfect  is  the  tense  of  antecedent  accomplishment  and  is 
therefore  plainly  not  to  be  used  in  a  clause  which  is  to  express 
subsequent  accomplishment.  In  the  leading  sentence  the  Pluper- 
fect might  be  used,  but,  because  of  the  significance  of  the  conjunc- 
tion, is  not  needed,  and  merely  emphasizes  the  antecedence  of  the 
leading  sentence  which  is  already  competently  expressed  by  the 
conjunction. 

In  the  negative  sentence,  (that  is,  after  a  negative  leading 
clause),  the  dependent  clause  is  antecedent  in  time  to  that  of  the 
leading  clause ;  hence,  theoretically,  the  Pluperfect  may  be  used  in 
the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  (and  a  few  instances  of  this 
occur),  but  here  again  the  need  of  a  tense  expressing  antecedence 
is  felt  to  be  superfluous  because  the  antecedence  is  already  ex- 
pressed by  the  conjunction,  and  the  Pluperfect  is  only  used  to 
emphasise  the  antecedent  accomplishment  of  the  action  of  the 
dependent  verb. 

Similarl3r  in  Future  sentences;  when  the  leading  sentence  is 
positive,  its  time  is  antecedent  to  that  of  the  dependent  clause ;  the 
time  of  the  dependent  clause  must  also  be  future,  but  is  subsequent 
to  the  time  of  the  leading  clause;  hence  while  the  employment  of 
the  Future  Exactum  in  the  leading  sentence  is  conceivable,  though 
unnecessary,  its  use  in  the  dependent  clause  of  a  positive  sentence 
is  illogical,  except  in  the  case  of  certain  verbs  to  which  Riemann 


22  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

refers  (Gram.  Comp.  255  R.  I.)  in  which  the  Future  Exactum 
seems  to  have  been  used  as  a  simple  Future,  or  when  it  is  desired 
to  express  that  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause  is  interrupted 
while  in  progress  by  the  action  of  the  leading  verb. 

The  use  of  the  Present  Indicative  instead  of  a  Future  in  the 
dependent  sentence  will  be  considered  presently. 

When  the  future  leading  sentence  is  negative  the  action  of  the 
dependent  clause  is  antecedent  in  time  to  that  of  the  leading  sen- 
tence and  can  therefore  properly  be  expressed  by  the  Future  Per- 
fect which  is  the  regular  usage.  That  the  conjunction  is  not  here 
deemed  sufficient  as  in  the  other  cases  mentioned  to  express  the 
antecedence  without  the  aid  of  a  special  tense  is  one  of  the  incon- 
sistencies with  which  language  abounds  and  which  are  often  diffi- 
cult of  explanation.  In  this  instance,  however,  the  common 
use  of  the  Present  Indicative  in  the  positive  sentence  as  a  Future 
offers  an  explanation  of  this  inconsistency,  since  the  Present 
Indicative  could  not  possibly  be  used  in  a  clause  so  definitely  pro- 
jected into  the  future  as  is  the  dependent  clause  after  a  negative 
leading  sentence. 

In  sentences  of  present  time  which  are  for  the  most  part  generic 
the  question  of  antecedence  and  subsequence  is  of  less  importance, 
depending  only  upon  a  return  to  the  paratactic  conception  of  the 
two  clauses. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION   OF   THE   VARIOUS 
ANTEQUAM  {PRIUSQUAM)   SENTENCES. 

(6)  The  general  plan  of  classification  adopted  in  this  paper  is, 
in  its  three  main  divisions,  formal  rather  than  functional.  The  dis- 
cussion falls  under  the  three  principal  heads.  Sentences  of  Present 
Time,  Sentences  of  Future  Time,  and  Sentences  of  Past  Time. 
The  disadvantages  of  this  method  of  presentation  involving,  as  it 
does,  the  repetition  under  several  heads  of  the  functional  classifi- 
cation are  felt ;  but  its  advantages  seem  to  outweigh  its  disadvan- 
tages ;  it  is  much  more  convenient  for  reference ;  and  is  free  from 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  23 

the  most  serious  objection  to  a  discussion  in  which  the  functional 
classification  is  made  the  principal  basis  of  division,  that  is,  the 
complication  presented  by  the  very  different  development  and 
causes  of  development  of  sentences  of  present,  future,  and  past 
time,  as  distinguished  from  each  other. 

SENTENCES  OF  PRESENT  TIME. 

(7)  Among  the  antequam  (priusquam)  sentences  of  present  time 
by  far  the  most  numerous  and  most  important  are  Generic  sen- 
tences, or  sentences  in  which  the  action  of  the  leading  clause  is 
represented  as  occurring  repeatedly  or  habitually  before  the  action 
of  the  dependent  clause.  The  dependent  clause  of  the  generic  sen- 
tence of  the  present  was  variously  expressed  at  different  periods, 
by  the  Present  Indicative,  the  Perfect  Indicative,  and  the  Present 
Subjunctive. 

The  Present  Indicative  in  the  dependent  clause  of  the  generic 
sentence  is  characteristic  of  archaic  Latin ;  only  occasionally  occur- 
ring in  the  later  language.  Plautus  capt.  663.  "  nam  semper 
occant  priusquam  sariunt  rustici." 

The  Perfect  Indicative  seems  to  have  been  the  successor  of  the 
Present  Indicative  in  the  positive  Generic  sentence  of  present  time. 
It  occurs  in  Plautus,  and  is  almost  exclusively  used  in  sentences 
of  this  kind  in  Cicero,  who  avoided  the  use  of  the  Present  Sub- 
junctive. There  are  only  two  examples  of  the  Present  Subjunc- 
tive in  sentences  of  this  kind  in  Cicero,  both  in  his  later  writings ; 
in  one  of  which,  moreover,  the  Subjunctive  is  capable  of  another 
explanation. 

It  is,  of  course,  true  that  the  use  of  the  Perfect  Indicative  in  the 
dependent  clause  gives  a  significance  somewhat  different  from 
that  of  the  Present  Indicative  or  Subjunctive — presents  the  same 
essential  fact  from  a  different  point  of  view — and  that  it  is  especi- 
ally adapted  to  the  significance  of  certain  verbs,  as  in  Quintilian 
inst.  I.  12.  9.  "nam  et  dociliora  sunt  ingenia,  priusquam  obdu- 
ruerunt " ;  and  on  this  account  must  be  considered  one  of  the 


24  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

regular  methods  of  expressing  the  Generic  sentence  at  all  periods ; 
nevertheless  its  almost  exclusive  employment  by  Cicero  points 
strongly  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  selected  by  him  as  the  proper 
method  for  expressing  the  Generic  sentence  at  a  period  when  the 
Present  Indicative  was  giving  way  to  the  Subjunctive  which  had, 
however,  not  yet  become  established.  The  Present  Subjunctive 
in  the  dependent  clause  of  the  positive  Generic  sentence  occurs 
as  early  as  Lucretius  and  Varro,  who  also  use  the  Present  and 
Perfect  Indicative,  and  is  established  as  the  usage  by  the  time  of 
Columella,  Seneca,  and  Pliny,  in  whose  writings  it  occurs  most 
frequently. 

When  the  leading  clause  of  the  Generic  sentence  of  the  present 
was  negative,  the  rule  at  all  periods  of  the  language  was  to  use 
the  Perfect  Indicative  in  the  dependent  clause. 

The  Particular  "^  sentence  of  the  present  is  difficult  of  concep- 
tion (except  where  the  Present  is  an  Historical  Present)  and  of 
infrequent  occurrence ;  in  it  the  Present  Indicative  is  used  in  both 
clauses. 

The  Present  Subjunctive  is  used  in  the  antequam  (priusquam) 
clause  in  all  of  the  various  relations  regularly  requiring  the  Sub- 
junctive which  have  already  been  enumerated ;  the  different  cate- 
gories with  their  examples  are  given  in  Part  B. 

SENTENCES  OF  FUTURE  TIME. 

(8)  That  which  is  of  most  importance  in  deciding  the  tense  to  be 
used  in  the  dependent  clause  of  the  future  antequam  (priusquam) 
sentence,  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  negative  in  the  leading 
sentence.  If  the  leading  sentence  is  negative  the  Future  Perfect 
is  used  in  the  dependent  clause.  That  this  association  of  tenses  is 
a  proper  one  has  already  been  shown.  Cicero,  de  Orat.  3.  145. 
"profecto  nunquam  conquiescam  .  .  .  ante,  quam  .  .  .  rationes 
.  .  .  percepero." 

"  The  terms  "  Generic "  and  "  Particular  "  are  borrowed  from  Gilder- 
sleeve's  use  of  them  in  the  Conditional  Sentence  (Trans.  Amer.  Phil. 
Assoc,  1876,  p.  7.) 


Sentences  of  Future  Time  25 

If  the  leading  sentence  is  positive  the  Present  Indicative  is  the 
usage  in  the  dependent  clause ;  Cicero,  deiot  7.  "  sed  antequam  de 
accusatione  ipsa  dico,  de  accusatorum  spe  pauca  dicam."  " 

In  this  use  of  the  Present  Indicative  in  a  clause  which  is  defi- 
nitely future  in  its  time  of  accomplishment  we  have  the  greatest 
departure  from  logical  tense  usage  presented  by  the  antequam 
(priusquam)  sentence.  The  leading  sentence  is  future,  the 
dependent  clause  is  subsequent  in  time  to  the  leading  sentence 
and  is  therefore  even  more  remotely  future  in  its  time  of  accom- 
plishment than  the  leading  sentence,  yet  the  Present  Indicative  is 
used  in  the  dependent  clause. 

This  use  of  the  Present  Indicative  in  a  future  sense  is,  however, 
not  without  parallel  in  the  language ;  it  is  found  in  certain  Deliber- 
ative Questions  in  Plautus  and  Terence;  in  conditions  in  which 
the  Present  Indicative  is  used  in  a  future  sense;  in  such  expres- 
sions as  Terence  Phorm.  669  "  nihil  do,"  "  I  wont  give  a  thing," 
Plautus  Trinum.  1059  "  non  sto,"  "  I  wont  stay,"  etc.,  etc. ;  and 
in  future  sentences  with  "  dum." "''  In  these  sentences  that 
which  is  of  the  greatest  significance  to  us  is  the  fact  that  their 
sphere  of  occurrence  is  the  colloquial,  in  which  inaccuracies  of 
tense  usage  are  most  often  found.  So  in  the  antequam  sentence 
in  which  the  Present  Indicative  is  used  in  a  future  sense  the  phe- 
nomenon must  be  ascribed  to  its  colloquial  origin.  Such  sentences 
are  by  their  nature  colloquial  in  character;  the  vast  majority  of 
instances  of  their  use  occur  in  every-day  speech.  It  is  not 
therefore  surprising  that  a  usage  which  had  become  stereotyped 
and  fixed  in  colloquial  speech,  the  field  of  its  greatest  employment, 
should  have  crept  unchanged  into  departments  of  literature  from 
which  such  inaccuracies  are  for  the  most  part  excluded.  More- 
over, examination  of  the  examples  of  the  Present  Indicative  with 
antequam  (priusquam)  with  a  positive  future  leading  sentence 
shows  that   in  a  very  large  majority  of  them  the  dependent  clause 

"  The  Present  Subjunctive  and  Future  Indicative  are  rare. 
"  Hale,  Anticipatory  Subjunctive,  p.  92. 


26  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

refers  to  the  immediate  future ;  as,  for  example,  in  Cicero,  niuraen. 
2,  "  antequam  pro  L.  Muraena  dicere  instituo,  pro  me  ipso  pauca 
dicam."  Further  it  is  characteristic  ot  this  sentence  that  it  is 
assumed  that  the  dependent  sentence  will  occur;  its  occurrence  is 
assumed  to  be  an  assured  fact ;  the  significance  of  which  is  obvious 
in  its  bearing  upon  the  explanation  of  the  original  selection  and 
subsequent  retention  of  the  Present  Indicative  in  the  dependent 
clause. 

This  use  of  the  Present  Indicative  may  be  called  *'  anticipa- 
tory ";  (in  no  way  connected  with  the  "  prospective  "  Subjunctive 
uses  already  referred  to)  ;  the  future  is  assumed  to  be  present  in 
the  same  way  as  it  is  in  the  idv+  Subjunctive  sentence,"  to  which 
Subjunctive  Gildersleeve  has  given  the  name  "  anticipatory." 

As  has  been  said,  two  of  the  leading  characteristics  of  this 
sentence  are  the  immediate  futurity  of  the  dependent  action  and 
its  assumption  as  a  fact  to  be ;  these  two  characteristics,  however, 
while  apparently  fundamental  and  original,  naturally  came  eventu- 
ally to  be  used  with  a  certain  degree  of  latitude. 

In  sentences  in  which  the  dependent  action  is  projected  into  a 
definite  and  more  or  less  remote  future,  and  in  which  the  actual 
occurrence  of  the  dependent  action  is  7iot  assumed  or  is  in  doubt, 
the  Subjunctive  is  used  in  the  dependent  clause;  e.  g.  Cicero,  leg. 
agr.  2.  53  "is  videlicet,  antequam  veniat  in  Pontum,  litteras  ad 
Gn.  Pompeium  mittet,"  in  which  the  Subjunctive  may  also  be 
explained  as  "  prospective."  The  other  two  instances  of  the  Sub- 
junctive in  sentences  of  this  kind  in  Cicero  (phil.  i.  i.  and  de 
nat.  deo,  i.  57)  which  are  exactly  parallel  to  the  sentences  in  which 
the  Present  Indicative  was  used,  both  of  them  among  Cicero's 
late  writings,  may  have  been  the  result  of  a  feeling  that  that  which 
might  never  occur  would  be  best  expressed  by  the  Subjunctive, 
and  of  the  ever  growing  tendency  to  use  the  Subjunctive  in  all 
relations  with  antequam  {priusquam)  in  positive  sentences." 

^^A.  J.  P.,  3.,  p.  436. 

"It  is  by  no  means  impossible  that  these  examples  are  instances  of  the 
use  of  the  Future  Indicative,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  paragraph. 


The  Infrequency  of  the  Future  Indicative  2^ 

THE  INFREQUENCY  OF  THE  FUTURE  INDICATIVE. 
(9)  The  tense  which  ought  logically  to  have  been  used  in  the 
dependent  clause  of  this  sentence,  when  it  was  desired  to  state  the 
dependent  clause  as  a  jact  to  be,  was,  of  course,  the  Future  Indi- 
cative, which  does  occur  though  rarely;  not  so  rarely  by  any 
means,  however,  as  the  statements  of  the  grammars  indicate  (see 
examples).  It  is  evident  that  there  is  no  reason  for  its  exclu- 
sion, such  as  there  is  in  the  case  of  the  Future  Perfect  and 
Pluperfect  Indicative  in  positive  sentences,  and  that  when  no 
considerations  requiring  the  Subjunctive  were  felt,  it  would  nat- 
urally be  used  when  the  future  to  be  represented  by  the  dependent 
clause  was  too  remote  to  be  properly  expressed  by  the  usual  Pres- 
ent Indicative ;  that  only  a  few  examples  of  it  occur  is  not  due  to 
any  objection  inherent  in  the  tense  but  because  the  majority  of 
future  sentences  fall  in  the  class  of  immediate  futures,  and  in  the 
case  of  the  more  remote  futures  the  consideration  was  apt  to  occur 
to  the  mind  that  the  dependent  action  might  never  take  place,  in 
which  case  the  Subjunctive  would  more  properly  be  used.  Exam- 
ples of  it  occur  in  Plautus,  Varro,  Cicero,  Vitruvius,  Seneca, 
Columella  and  Quintilian.^^ 

"The  Future  Indicative  occurs  also  in  Cato  but  it  is  not  considered 
with  the  above  because  all  instances  of  its  use  in  that  author  are  exactly- 
parallel  to  and  sometimes  used  in  the  same  sentence  with  the  Present 
Subjunctive  after  an  Imperative  (not  a  simple  future)  leading  sentence; 
€.  g.  Cato  agr.  cult.  134  "  priusquam  messim  facies,  porcam  praecidaneam 
hoc  modo  fieri  oportet.  Cereri  porca  praecidanea  porco  femina,  priusquam 
hasce  fruges  condas,  far,  triticum,  hordeum,  fabam,  semen  rapicium.  ture 
vino  lano  lovi  lunoni  praefato,  priusquam  porcum  feminam  immolabis." 
These  examples  are  interesting  not  so  much  for  any  particular  bearing 
upon  our  subject  as  for  the  light  they  may  throw  upon  the  question  of  an 
early  modal  use  of  the  Future  Indicative  and  the  possible  origin  of  the 
Present  Subjunctive  therefrom.  The  fact  that  Future  Indicative  and 
Present  Subjunctive  occur  side  by  side  in  the  same  sentence  and  dependent 
upon  the  same  Imperative  seems  satisfactorily  to  refute  the  explanation 
of  the  Future  Indicative  as  the  result  of  the  irregular  and  undeveloped 
syntax  of  the  writer.  Columella  in  his  similar  work  on  agriculture  has 
a  few  exactly  similar  instances  of  the  Future  Indicative,  which  it  is  more 
than  likely  he  borrowed  from  Cato  or  Varro,  upon  whom  as  sources  he 
drew  largely. 


28  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

The  use  of  the  Future  Perfect  Indicative  in  the  antequam 
{priusquam)  clause  after  a  positive  future  leading  sentence  is  nat- 
urally very  rare,  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause  being  subse- 
quent in  time  of  accomplishment  to  that  of  the  leading  sentence. 
The  Future  Perfect  tense  is,  therefore,  only  admissible  in  it  when 
the  action  of  the  leading  verb  interrupts  the  action  of  the  depen- 
dent verb  while  it  is  in  progress,  as  has  already  been  mentioned, 
or  when  the  Future  Perfect  has  simply  the  force  of  a  future,  as 
occasionally  happens." 

Thus  in  the  sentence,  "  He  will  introduce  witnesses  before 
Cicero  Unishes  (shall  have  finished)  his  speech,"  it  would  be  logi- 
cally possible  to  express  the  dependent  clause  by  the  Future  Per- 
fect, but  even  in  such  a  sentence  the  almost  certain  introduction 
of  the  feeling  of  prevention  would  make  the  Subjunctive  necessary 
and  hence  exclude  the  Future  Perfect  Indicative. 

SENTENCES  OF  PAST  TIME. 

(lo)  In  the  antequam  {priusquam)  clause  of  sentences  of  past 
time  the  Aorist( Perfect)  Indicative  and  Imperfect  Subjunctive  are 
much  the  most  commonly  used  tenses.  The  use  of  the  Imperfect 
and  Pluperfect  Indicative  is  very  rare  for  reasons  already  given. 
The  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  is  also  rare  outside  of  Oratio  Obliqua, 
though  much  more  common  than  the  Imperfect  and  Pluperfect 
Indicative.     The  Aorist  (Perfect)   Subjunctive  is  rare. 

In  sentences  of  past  time  the  question  of  the  greatest  importance 
is  the  use  of  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  as  distinguished  from 
that  of  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive,  and  the  determination  of  their 
respective  spheres.  The  usual  statement  with  regard  to  them  is 
that  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  is  used  to  express  a  purely 
temporal  relation  between  the  leading  and  dependent  clauses,  while 
the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  marks  the  dependent  sentence  as  de- 
signed, contingent  or  ideal.  This  is  a  logical  distinction  and 
probably  was  the  original  one.     But  as  has  been  shown,  the  con- 

"Riemann  Gram.  Comp.  255.  R.  i.  N.  i. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  29 

ception  of  antequam  (priusquam)  as  a  purely  temporal  particle 
gave  way  early  in  the  literary  language  to  one  which  required  the 
Subjunctive  after  it. 

The  various  factors  which  contributed  to  the  effecting  of  this 
change  have  already  been  discussed  under  the  head  of  Subjunctive 
usage.  That  this  change  from  the  Indicative  to  the  Subjunctive 
usage  was  more  rapid  and  complete  in  past  sentences  than  in 
sentences  of  present  or  future  time  was  in  great  measure  due  to 
the  influence  of  what  has  been  termed  the  "  prospective  "  Sub- 
junctive. In  sentences  in  which  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause 
is  "  looked  forward  to  "  from  the  time  of  the  leading  clause,  a 
tense  had  to  be  used  which  expressed  futurity  from  a  given  past ; 
after  positive  leading  sentences  this  tense  is  the  Imperfect  Sub- 
junctive. 

The  spread  of  the  use  of  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  resulting 
from  this  conception  was  naturally  rapid  since  it  was  possible  to 
conceive  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  of  every  positive  past 
sentence  as  future  from  the  past. 

This  with  other  factors  already  mentioned  eventually  almost 
excluded  the  use  of  the  Indicative  after  a  past  positive  sentence. 

When  the  leading  sentence  is  negative  the  significance  of  ante- 
quam (priusquam)  is  changed  to  that  of  donee  and  the  reasons 
for  the  use  of  the  Subjunctive  which  exist  in  the  case  of  the  positive 
leading  sentence  no  longer  obtain,  and  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indi- 
cative is  used  in  the  dependent  sentence  (save  in  exceptional 
instances  which  will  be  separately  considered)  throughout  the 
period  covered  in  this  investigation. 

The  sphere  of  occurrence  of  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative 
after  a  positive  leading  sentence  may  almost  be  said  to  have  been 
the  colloquial.  It  occurs  frequently  in  the  early  dramatic  frag- 
ments, in  Plautus,  and  Cicero's  Letters  and  Orations,  and  after 
that,  comparatively  speaking,  rarely.  It  does  not  occur  in  Caesar, 
nor  in  Nepos,  only  three  times  in  the  whole  of  Livy,  in  whose 
writings  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  examples  of  the  Imperfect 


30  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

Subjunctive  in  such  sentences  are  found.  After  Cicero  its  chief 
revival  is  in  the  younger  Seneca  who  has  four  instances  of  it  in 
his  Letters,  three  in  the  Tragedies  and  two  in  his  philosophical 
work.  For  the  rest  it  is  confined  generally  to  single  instances  in 
an  author  or  to  sentences  in  which  the  antequam  {priusquam') 
clause  is  modified  by  some  definite  expression  of  time  which  makes 
the  conception  of  the  dependent  action  as  a  fact  a  natural  one.  In 
Cicero  it  is  noticeable  that  the  majority  of  instances  occur  in  the 
Letters  and  early  Orations,  the  Verrine  Orations  containing  nearly 
as  many  as  all  the  others  combined,  while  in  the  later  Orations 
and  the  Philosophical  and  Rhetorical  works  most  of  the  examples 
are  those  in  which  the  antequam  {priusquam)  clause  is  modified 
by  a  temporal  expression.  These  facts  point  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  use  of  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative,  after  a  positive 
leading  sentence,  belonged  to  the  early  language  and  colloquial 
style. 

As  early  as  Lucretius  we  find  examples  of  the  Imperfect  Sub- 
junctive in  a  positive  sentence  in  which  the  relation  between  the 
clauses  seems  to  be  a  purely  temporal  one,  which  shows  how  early 
the  considerations  which  brought  about  the  ultimate  prevalent 
use  of  the  Subjunctive  became  effective.  It  also  shows  how  much 
an  attempt  to  trace  the  history  of  the  development  of  this  Sub- 
junctive use  is  hampered  by  the  gap  in  the  remains  of  Latin  liter- 
ature between  Terence  and  Cicero. 

The  consideration  of  the  other  past  tenses  will  be  taken  ujx 
under  their  several  heads  in  Part  B. 


PART    B. 

SENTENCES  OF  PRESENT  TIME. 

PRESENT  INDICATIVE  WITH  ANTEQUAM  (PRIUS- 
QUAM)  IN  SENTENCES  OF  PRESENT  TIME. 

(ii)  The  Present  Indicative  with  antequam  (priusquam)  in 
sentences  of  present  time  ^  is  not  of  frequent  occurrence/  and  may 
be  divided  into  two  classes:  Generic  and  Particular. 

(12)  GENERIC. — In  sentences  of  present  time  in  which  two 
actions  are  represented  as  habitually  or  repeatedly  occurring,  the 
one  before  the  other,  the  Present  Indicative  is  used  in  the  ante- 
quam  {priusquam)  clause  in  early  Latin  ;^  after  Plautus  the  Pres- 
ent Subjunctive  in  the  antequam  {priusquam)  clause  of  sentences 
of  this  character  became  the  rule,  but  the  Indicative  occurs 
frequently  in  Varro,  and  occasionally^  in  later  writers  after  the 
Subjunctive  usage  had  become  established. 

^  The  Present  Indicative  in  positive  Future  sentences  is  taken  up  under 
another  head. 

^This  infrequency  of  occurrence  of  the  Present  Indicative  in  sentences 
of  present  time  is  to  be  expected.  For  its  occurrence  in  the  Generic  sen- 
tence is  in  the  main  limited  to  the  earliest  period,  while  the  association  of 
the  Present  with  the  Present  in  the  sentence  of  individual  occurrence  with 
antequam  {priusquam)  is  by  its  nature  excluded  from  frequent  use. 

'  Cato,  who  might  be  expected  to  afford  examples  of  this  kind,  writes 
in  the  didactic  style  and  affords  only  examples  having  Imperatives  in  the 
leading  sentence  which  regularly  requires  the  Subjunctive  in  the  dependent 
clause  Plaut.  Poen.  321  "prius  quam  Venus  expergiscatur,  prius 
deproperant  sedulo  sacruficare,"  cannot  safely  be  taken  as  example  of 
Present  Subjunctive  in  sentences  of  this  kind;  volition  may  easily  be 
imagined  to  be  present  here;  'the  sacrifices  are  made  with  the  view  of 
obtaining  or  preventing  something.' 

*Riemann  is  therefore  right  when  he  says  (Gram.  Compar.  465  rem.) 
"L'emploi  de  Tindicatif  en  pareil  cas  parait  etre  un  archaisme,"  citing  as 


32  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

Plautus  Capt.  663  nam  semper  occant  prius  quam  sariunt 
rustici.  mil  709  priusquam  lucet  (cognati)  adsunt.  bacch.  440 
at  nunc  prius  quam  septuennis  est,  si  attingas  eum  manu, 
extemplo  puer  paedagogo  tabula  disrumpit  caput.  Lucretius 
6.  170  sic  fulgorem  quoque  cernimus  ante  quam  tonitrum 
accipimus/  Varro*  r.  r.  i.  29.  i  novalis  {dicitur),  ubi  satum 
fuit,  ante  quam  secunda  aratione  renovatur/  r.  r.  i.  40.  4  id 
enim  fit  ante  quam  gemmare  aut  florere  quid  incipit  r.  r.  i.  41.  3. 
itaque  vitem  triduo  ante  quam  inserunt,  desecant.*  r.  r.  2.  2.  16 
diebus  post  paucis  obiicere  (oportet)  his  viciam  molitam,  aut 
herbam  teneram,  ante  quam  exeunt  pastum,  et  cum  reverterunt. 
r.  r.  3.  5.  4.  diebus  viginti  antequam  quis  tollere  vult  turdos, 
largius  dat,  cibumque  plus  ponit/  1.  1.  5.  102;  1.  1.  6.  56  vocabula 
et  reliqua  verba  dicit,  ante  quam  suo  quidque  loco  ea  dicere  potest.' 
1.  1.  7.  58.  rorarii  dicti  ab  rore,  qui  bellum  committebant  ante, 
ideo  quod  ante  rorat  quam  pluit."    Cicero  de  div.  i.  120.  eaque 

examples  Plaut.  Miles  709  and  Varro  L.  L.  7.  58;  Hale,  Anticipatory  Subj. 
p.  86,  note  2,  criticizes  this  statement  by  Riemann ;  he  says  "  The  Indica- 
tive is  also  used  in  Ciceronian  and  later,  as  well  as  in  earlier  Latin,  con- 
trary to  the  opinion  of  Riemann  .  .  .  I'emploi  de  I'indicatif  parait  etre  ici 
archaique,"  quoting  Cic.  Fin.  3.  20.66  *  membris  utimur  prius,  quam  didi- 
cimus,  cuius  ea  causa  utilitatis  habeamus,'  and  Sen.  Ep.  Mor.  123.  2  '  ideo 
non  est  ante  edendum  quam  ilia  (fames)  imperat.'  But  Riemann's  state- 
ment can  hardly  be  considered  to  restrict  the  occurrence  of  the  Present 
Indicative  absolutely  to  the  archaic  period;  moreover,  the  examples  quoted 
by  Hale  are  not  pertinent ;  the  example  from  Cicero  has  the  Perfect  Indica- 
tive in  the  dependent  clause,  whereas  Riemann  is  speaking  of  the  use  of 
the  Present  Indicative  and  Subjunctive.  The  example  from  Seneca  cannot 
strictly  be  placed  in  this  category  because  of  edendum  in  the  leading  sen- 
tence which  is  future. 

^  Cf.  Seneca  Nat.  Quaest.  2.  12.  6.  ante  autem  videmus  fulgorem  quam 
sonum  audiamus. 

°  The  carelessness  of  Varro's  use  of  language  makes  it  impossible  to  form 
from  it  an  opinion  as  to  the  usage  of  the  period  at  which  he  wrote.  It 
is  established,  however,  that  he  had  a  decided  leaning  to  the  use  of  archaic 
forms  and  syntax;  vid.  Krumbiegel.  De  Varroniano  Scribendi  Genere 
Quaestiones.     §§  23-51. 

^  Mss.  P  A  B  renovatur  ms  v  renov^tur  (Schneider). 

*  The  definite  temporal  expression  limiting  ante  quam  in  this  example 
may  have  influenced  the  mood. 

"In  this  example  attention  should  be  called  to  nature  of  verb  in  the 
dependent  clause. 

^"  This  seems  to  be  an  old  proverbial  expression. 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  33 

ante  efficit  paene  quam  cogitat."  Propertius  ec.  3.  12.  11  ante 
ferit  quam  tuti  cernimus  hostem  nee  quisquam  ex  illo  volnere 
sanus  abit/''  Seneca  suasor,  3.  i.  i.  sive  occupata  nubilo  sordi- 
diorem  ostendit  orbem  suum  non  ante  finit  quam  lucem  reddit." 
Columella  de  r.  r.  4.  32.  4.  tolerabilius  tamen  arundo  castratur 
ante  quam  caeditur."  Seneca  ep.  2.  i.  5.  quaedam  ergo  nos 
magis  torquent  quam  debent;  quaedam  ante  torquent  quam 
debent ;  ep.  16.  3.  8  plus  dolet  quam  necesse  est,  qui  ante  dolet  quam 
necesse  est."  Celsus  3.  2.  increscit  autem  morbus,  dum  graviores 
dolores,  accessionesque  veniunt;  haeque  et  ante,  quam  proximae 
revertuntur,  et  postea  desinunt.'^  Scribonius  Largus.  conp.  269. 
Pliny  nat.  hist.  21.  183.  boum  quoque  scabiem  celerrime  sanari  ea 
invenio,  apud  Nicandrum  quidem  et  serpentium  morsus,  antequam 
floret."  34.  149.  (ferrum)  rubens  non  est  habile  tundendo,  neque 
antequam  albescere  incipit."  Martial  9.  35.  verba  ducis  Daci 
chartis  mandata  resignas,  victricem  laurum  quam  venit"  ante 
vides.  Quintilian  inst.  11.  3.  y2.  hoc  pendent  homines,  hunc 
intuentur,  hunc  spectant,  etiam  antequam  dicimus,^  decl.  388.  p. 
436.  venientis  enim  fluctus  et  consurgentis  [antequam]  freti  facies 
ante  terret,  quam  decipit.    Pliny  ep.  2.  17.  7.  ibi  omnes  silent  venti 

"This  is  the  only  example  of  the  Present  Indicative  in  Cicero  in  sen- 
tences of  this  kind.  It  is  possible  that  the  Indicative  is  used  because  the 
action  represented  is  more  vividly  brought  before  the  writer's  mind  as  an 
individual  occurrence  than  as  a  '  generic '  one ;  the  adverb  *  paene '  seems 
to  point  to  this  explanation. 

^^The  Subjunctive  is  to  be  expected  in  this  example  both  because  of 
generic  statement  and  because  the  sense  of  the  antequam  seems  to  be  "  too 
soon  for"  which  regularly  requires  the  Subjunctive. 

"  Like  Pliny  N.  H.  34.  149.  the  negative  here  is  responsible  for  the  In- 
dicative; the  most  natural  use  would  have  been  "  reddidit." 

"This  is  the  only  example  of  the  Indicative  out  of  more  than  thirty 
with  the  Subjunctive  in  Columella;  it  is  probable  that  the  Indicative  is 
due  to  the  source  from  which  the  writer  drew. 

^^  Colloquial  license,  euphony,  and  the  character  of  the  verb  must  all  be 
considered  as  possible  influences  in  causing  the  use  of  the  Indicative  here. 

"  *  Quam  proximae  revertuntur '  depends  both  upon  "  ante  "  and  "  pos- 
tea." 

"The  only  example  with  Present  Indicative  in  Pliny,  in  sentences  of 
this  kind,  with  positive  leading  sentence. 

^^  The  use  of  the  Indicative  is  probably  due  to  the  negative;  the  pf.  ind. 
would  be  more  natural. 

^°  Vfenit,  as  shown  by  scansion;  venit  would  be  perfectly  regular. 

^°  Thought  of  particular  instance  here  predominant. 


34  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

exceptis,  qui  nubilum  inducunt  et  serenum,  ante  quam  usum  loci 
eripiunt. 

(13)  PARTICULAR. — In  sentences  of  present  time,  in  which 
single  actions  are  represented  as  occurring  in  present  time,  the 
one  before  the  other,  the  Present  Indicative  is  used  in  the  ante- 
quam {priusquam)  clause.^  The  Present  Indicative  in  such  sen- 
tences is  equivalent  to  the  Perfect  Indicative,  which  the  sense 
seems  to  demand,  and  which  is  also  used  in  sentences  of  this  char- 
acter. 

Pacuvius.  ilion  9.  (Ribbeck  I.  p.  116)  di  me  etsi  perdunt,  tamen 
esse  adiutam  expetunt,  quom  prius  quam  intereo  spatium  ulcis- 
cendi  danunt.  Plautus.  menaech  276  prius  iam  convivae  ambu- 
lant ante  ostium,  quam  ego  opsonatu  redeo.''''  mere.  456  prius 
respondes  quam  rogo."  prius  tu  emis  quam  vendo,^  pater.  Cicero 
ad  Att.  8.  7.  2.  {cum  hoc  Pompeio)  qui  ante  fugit,  quam  scit,  aut 
quem  fugiat  aut  quo,  .  .  .  victus  sum.^  cluent.  6.  quam  ob  rem  a 
vobis,  indices,  antequam  de  ipsa  causa  dicere  incipio,  haec  pos- 
tulo;"  quinct.  48  antequam  doceo  id  factum  non  esse,  libefmihi 
.  .  .  factum  .  .  .  Sex.  Naevi  considerare.^*  re  pub.  6.  9.  .  .  .  quod 
ante  quam  ex  hac  vita  migro  "  conspicio  .  .  .  Scipionem.  Seneca 
suasor.  i.  12  propitiis  auribus  accipitur,  quamvis  incredibile  est, 
quod  excusatur  antequam  dicitur;^'  contr.  2.  4.  i.  filius  antequam 
moritur^  rogat  venias.  Seneca  de  benef.  5.  8.  6.  puta  te  {hene- 
Hcium)  recipere  nolle:  apud  te  est,  antequam ^^  redditur.""  Epist. 
6.  2.  5.  rogo,  non  stultissimum  dicas,  si  quis  existimet  lucernae 
peius  esse,  cum  extincta  est,  quam  antequam  ""^  accenditur?" 
Lucan.  Pharsal.  4.  803.  ante  iaces,  quam  dira  duces  Pharsalia 

^The  illogical  nature  of  this  combination  of  tenses  is  doubtless  respon- 
sible for  the  small  number  of  examples. 

"  Redeo  equals  redii ;  rogo  equals  rogavi ;  vendo  equals  vendidi ;  migro 
equals  migravi;  moritur  equals  mortuus  est;  redditur  equals  redditum  est; 
accenditur  equals  accensa  est. 

^^  It  is  possible  to  consider  this  sentence  generic;  if  it  is  so  considered 
the  Indicative  may  be  explained  as  a  result  of  a  particular  instance  being 
prominent  in  the  mind  of  the  writer. 

"  It  is  possible  that  the  leading  sentence  was  here  felt  to  be  future. 

^^  Confert  =  contulit ;  excutio  ^  excussi ;  intueor  =  intuitus  sum ;  loquor 
=:  locutus  sum ;  dicitur  =  dictum  est ;  moritur  r=  mortuus  est. 

*'The  subjunctive  might  have  been  used  here  under  the  influence  of 
existimet. 


Sentences  of  Present  Time 


35 


confert/"  spectandumque  tibi  bellum  civile  negatum  est.  Quin- 
tilian  decl.  264.  p.  78  antequam  ius  excutio  ''^  et  vim  legis,  quae  per 
se  satis  manifesta  est,  intueor,"  primum  illud  apud  vis  dixisse 
contentus  sum.  decl.  264  p.  79  ac  priusquam  rationem  ipsius  legis 
excutio/'  interim  hoc  dico,  iudices."  decl.  273  p.  117.  de  quo 
priusquam  loquor/'  etiamnum  ea,  quae  humanitatis  et  consuetu- 
dinis  gratia  dici  solent,  non  omitto."  decl.  324  p.  275  antequam 
leges  comparamus,  intueri  personas  libet.^^ 

PERFECT  INDICATIVE  WITH  ANTEQUAM  (PRIUS- 
QUAM) IN  SENTENCES  OF  PRESENT  TIME. 

(14)  The  Pure  Perfect  Indicative  occurs  in  generic  sentences 
of  present  time.  The  Generic  sentence  (or  sentence  of  repetition) 
with  the  Perfect  Indicative  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause 
occurs  with  both  positive  and  negative  leading  sentences. 

(15)  THE  PERFECT  INDICATIVE  WITH  POSITIVE 
LEADING  CLAUSE  in  generic  sentences  belongs  in  the 
main  to  the  period  following  the  early  use  of  the  Present 
Indicative  in  generic  sentences  and  before  the  use  of  the  Present 
Subjunctive  became  established.  Cicero  uses  it  almost  exclu- 
sively.""*    After  Cicero  it  occurs  occasionally.'** 

"  It  is  possible  to  consider  the  leading  verb  of  this  sentence  as  an  equiva- 
lent of  the  future. 

^  It  is  possible  that  the  leading  sentence  was  here  felt  to  be  future. 

^  There  is  only  one  certain  example  of  the  Present  Subjunctive  in  the 
generic  sentence  in  Cicero;  Cic.  frag.  phil.  5.  24.  The  single  example  of 
the  Present  Indicative  is  also  doubtful,  for  reasons  already  assigned. 
All  other  generic  sentences  of  the  present  have  the  Perfect  Indicative  in 
the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause. 

*"  After  Cicero  it  was  almost  entirely  supplanted  by  the  Present  Sub- 
junctive. It  must  not  be  supposed,  however,  that  in  the  generic  sentences 
with  the  Perfect  Indicative,  the  Present  Subjunctive  can  always  be  substi- 
tuted for  the  Perfect  Indicative  without  changing  the  sentence.  In  many  in- 
stances it  cannot.  The  sentence  has  been  constructed  with  reference  to 
the  use  of  the  Perfect  Indicative  and  must  be  recast  in  most  cases,  or  some 
change  made  in  the  wording,  to  admit  the  use  of  the  Present  Subjunctive; 
e.  g.  membris  utimur  prius  quam  didicimus,  cuius  ea  &c.  must  be  changed 
to  membris  utimur  prius  quam  sciamus,  cuius  ea  &c.    Moreover,  in  some 


36  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

Plautus.  amphit.  513  prius  abis  quam  lectus  ubi  cubuisti  con- 
caluit  locus,  mere.  155  quin  iam,  prius  quam  sum  eloeutus,  seis  si 
mentiri  volo.  poen.  919  satine,  prius  quam  unumst  inieetum  telum, 
iam  instat  alterum.  pseud.  817  teritur  senapis  scelera,  quae  illis  qui 
terunt  prius  quam  triverunt  oculi  ut  extillent  facit.  Lucretius 
6.  900  nonne  vides  "^  etiam,  nocturna  ad  lumina  linum  nuper  ex- 
tinctum  admoveas,  accendier  ante  quam  tetigit  flamman?  Cicero 
ad  quint  frat.  i.  i.  38  ante  occupatur  animus  ab  iracundia,  quam 
providere  ratio  potuit,  ne  occuparetur.  verr.  2.  3.  3  illi  enim, 
ante  quam  potuerunt  existimare,  quanto  liberior  vita  sit.  .  .  . 
accusant.''*  de  inv.  2.  62.  pupillus  ante  autem  mortuus  est,  quam 
in  suam  tutelam  venit.  cato  50.  is  igitur,  qui  ante  sagit  quam 
oblata  res  est,  dicitur  praesagire.  de  fin.  3.  66.  membris  utimur 
prius,  quam  didicimus,  cuius  ea  causa  utilitatis  habeamus.  de  fin. 
4.  65  et  catuli  aeque  caeci  (sunt)  prius  quam  dispexerunt,  ac  si  ita 
futuri  semper  essent.  acad.  2.  8  ceteri  primum  ante  tenentur 
adstricti,  quam,  quid  esset  optimum  iudicare  potuerunt;  de  oflf. 
I.  117.  itaque  ante  implicatur  aliquo  certo  genere  cursuque  vivendi, 
quam  potuit,  quod  optimum  esset  iudicare;  de  orat.  i.  94.  id  si  est 
difficile  nobis,  quod  ante,  quam  ad  discendum  ingressi  sumus, 
obruimur  ambitione  et  foro;  de  orat.  2.  109  ante  enim  praeter- 
labitur,  quam  percepta  est;  de  orat.  3.  7.  et  corruunt  aut  ante  in 
ipso  cursu  obruuntur,  quam  portum  conspicere  potuerunt;  de 
invent.  2.  160  providentia,  per  quam  futurum  aliquid  videtur  ante 
quam  factum  est.  Auct.  ad  Heren.  3.  12.  21  nam  laeditur  arteria, 
si,  antequam  voce  lenei  permulsa  est,  acri  clamore  conpletur. 
Seneca,  dial.  10.  10.  6  (praesens  tempus)  ante  desinit  esse  quam 

of  the  examples  the  use  of  the  Perfect  Indicative  expresses  more 
definitely  the  idea  to  be  conveyed  than  would  be  possible  by  the  use  of 
the  Present  Subjunctive.  Nevertheless  the  fact  that  only  one  certain  ex- 
ample of  the  Present  Subjunctive  in  the  generic  sentence  occurs  in  Cicero 
as  opposed  to  quite  a  number  of  the  Perfect  Indicative  creates  a  strong 
presumption  in  favor  of  the  belief  that  the  choice  of  this  form  of  generic 
sentence  was  voluntary  on  the  part  of  the  writer  and,  in  all  probability, 
was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Present  Subjunctive  usage  was  not  yet  estab- 
lished while  that  of  the  Present  Indicative  had  become  archaic. 

"^The  Subjunctive  might  have  been  used  in  this  example  under  the 
influence  of  the  O.  O.  from  vides. 

^^The  Subjunctive  is  used  in  Cicero  phil.  14.1  ante  vero  quam  sit  ea 
res.  ..adlata,  laetitia  frui  satis  est  pugnae.  The  use  of  antequam  here  is 
very  unusual ;  its  significance  seems  to  be  cum  nondum. 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  37 

venit.  benef.  5.  5.  4.  saepe  necesse  est  ante  alia  beneficia  petamus 
quam  priora  reddidimus.^  Celsus  7.  27.  30.  quod  si,  antequam 
vesica  purgata  est,  orae  se  glutinarunt,  dolorque  et  inflammatio 
redierunt,  vulnus.  .  .  .  diducendum  est.  Pliny,  nat.  hist.  18.  206; 
Quintilian  inst.  i.  12.  9.  nam  et  dociliora  sunt  ingenia,  priusquam 
obduruerunt.  inst.  10.  7.  1 1,  qua  oculi  totos  simul  in  lectione  versus 
flexusque  .  .  .  intuentur,  et  ante  sequentia  vident  quam  priora 
dixerunt.^* 

(16)  THE  PERFECT  INDICATIVE  WITH  NEGATIVE 
LEADING  SENTENCE  in  generic  sentences  of  the  present 
occurs  at  all  periods.  It  may  be  said  to  be  the  regular  usage  in 
the  generic  sentence  of  the  present,  in  which  the  leading  sentence 
is  negative." 

Ennius  ann.  156  nee  quisquam  sophiam,  sapientia  quae  per- 
hibetur,  in  somnis  vidit  prius  quam  sane  discere  coepit.  Lucre- 
tius 4.  883.  neque  enim  facere  incipit  ullam  rem  quis  quam, 
quam  mens  providit  quid  velit  ante.  Varro  r.  r.  2.  2.  18; 
r.  r.  2.  4.  6.  hiberno  tempore  non  prius  exigunt  pastum,  quam 
pruina  evanuit,  ac  colliquefacta  est  glacies."  Cicero  tusc.  5.  104 
nos  autem  eos  (honor es)  nescimus,  ante  quam  paenitere  coepit, 
contemnere.  de  fin  4.  65.  nee  enim  ille  respirat,  ante  quam  emersit. 
de  leg.  2.  57.  nam  prius  quam  in  os  iniecta  glaeba  est,  locus  ille, 
ubi  crematum  est  corpus,  nihil  habet  religionis.  de  leg.  2.  57.  nee 
.  .  .  eorum  ante  sepulchrum  est,  quam  iusta  facta  (sunt)  et 
corpus  incensum  est.  Vergil,  aen.  6.  327,  nee  ripas  datur  hor- 
rendas  et  rauca  fluenta  transportare  prius,  quam  sedibus  ossa 
quierunt.     Aetna  422.  nee  desinit  ante  quam  levis  excocto  defecit 

®^The  Subjunctive  might  have  been  used  here  because  of  the  dependence 
upon  necesse  est ....  petamus. 

^  In  Oratio  Obliqua ;  Cicero,  tusc.  3.  30. ;  de  fin.  3.  16 ;  de  fin.  4.  64 ;  cato 
78.  In  Quintilian  inst.  4.  i.  3.  certe  prooemium  est,  quod  apud  iudicem 
dici  priusquam  causam  cognoverit  prosit,  the  Subjunctive  may  be  due  to 

the  dependence  upon  the  "  quod prosit "  clause ;  and  so  too  Columella 

r.  r.  12.  27.  I. 

^Very  few  examples  occur  of  the  Present  Subjunctive  with  negative 
leading  sentences ;  vid.  n.  37. 

^®  Varro  1.  1.  5.  153  "  carceres  dicti,  quod  coercentur  equi,  ne  inde  exeant 
antequam  magistratus  signum  misit;"  here  the  Subjunctive  is  to  be 
expected  because  of  the  dependence  upon  the  "  ne  exeant "  clause. 


38  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

robore  pumex.  Auct.  ad  Herenn.  4.  25.  34  gradatio  est,  in  qua 
non  ante  ad  consequens  verbum  descenditur,  quam  ad  superiora 
cons(c)ensum  est  hoc  modo.  M.  A.  Seneca  controv.  9.  5.  (Teub. 
p.  391)  nee  ante  in  oratorem  conroborantur,  quam  .  .  .  puerilem 
animum  .  .  .  vero  labore  durarunt.  L.  A.  Seneca,  nat.  quaest. 
prol.  7  non  potest  ante  contemnere  porticus  et  lacunaria  .  .  . 
fulgentia  .  .  .,  quam  totum  circuit  mundum.  nat.  quaest.  3.  28.  6. 
nee  ante  quam  supra  cacumina  eorum,  quos  perfusurus  est,  mon- 
tium  crevit,  devolvitur.  nat.  quaest.  6.  28.  3.  nee  prius  pestilentia 
desinit  quam  spiritum  ilium  gravem  exercuit  laxitas  coeli  ven- 
torumque  iactatio.  nat.  quaest.  7.  20.  2.  nee  ante  discedunt  (ignes) 
quam  consumptum  est  omne,  quo  pascebantur,  alimentum.  epist. 
20.  4.  8.  nee  ante  desinit  (niti,)  quatere  se,  quam  in  pedes  con- 
stitit.  epist.  20.  5.  2.  sunt  qui  officia  lucis.  .  .  .  perverterint  nee 
ante  diducant  oculos  hesterna  graves  crapula  quam  adpetere  nox 
coepit.  Celsus  5.  26.  23.  ex  quibus  neutra  ante  debet  imponi, 
quam  intus  vulnus  purgatum  est.  5.  2y.  10  utilissimum  est,  ubi  ex 
anguibus  metus  est,  non  ante  progredi,  quam  quis  aliquid  assumsit. 
Martial  7.  67.  9.  nee  cenat  prius  aut  recumbit  ante,  quam  septem 
vomuit  meros  deunces." 

"In  Oratio  Obliqua;  Sallust  iug.  4.  6.  Pliny  nat.  hist.  17.  207;  nat.  hist. 
32.  12. 

A  few  examples  occur,  most  of  them  late,  of  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  in 
sentences  of  this  class. 

With  negative  leading  sentences;  Varro  r.  r.  i.  65.  i.  quod  non  fit  ante, 
quam  accesserit  annus.  Vitruvius  de  arch.  i.  6.  2.  Propertius  el.  2.  25.  25. 
an  quisquam  ....  persolvit ....  aut  prius  infecto  deposcit  (=  nemo  persolvit 
aut  deposcit)  praemia  cursu,  septima  quam  metam  triverrit  ante  rota? 
Rothstein  comments  "  der  Conjunktiv  steht,  weil  in  der  Zeitbestimmung 
zugleich  eine  Forderung  liegt,  die  vor  der  Erteilung  der  Preises  erfiillt 
sein  wiirde  ".  Properitus  el,  3.  32.  47.  sed  non  ante  gravi  taurus  succumbit 
aratro  cornua  quam  validis  haeserit  in  laqueis,  in  which  the  Subjunctive 
may  be  due?  to  the  "volition"  implied  in  the  "resistance  to  pressure." 
Pliny  nat.  hist.  8.  109.  hominis  parte  conprehensa  non  ante  quam  fracta 
concrepuerint  ossa.  Caesar  German,  arat.  412.  nee  metus  ante  fugit,  quam 
pars  effulserit  orbis,  qua  borean  caelum  spectantibus  indicet  ortum.  Celsus 
6.  6.  34.  Pliny  nat.  hist.  14.  39.  capnios . . .  non  ante  demetuntur  quam  gela- 
verit.  Lucan.  pharsal.  10.  217  auctusque  suos  non  ante  coartat,  quam  nox 
aestivas  a  sole  receperit  horas.  Tacitus,  germ.  13.  2.  sed  arma  sumere  non 
ante  cuiquam  moris  (est)  quam  civitas  suffecturum  probaverit  (in  which 
the  Subjunctive  may  be  due  to  sumere. ..  .moris  (est).  [Draeger,  com- 
menting on  this  sentence,  Syntax  u.  Stil  des  Tacitus  170.  says:  *  der  Con- 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  39 

THE  PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVE  WITH  ANTEQUAM 

AND  PRIUSQUAM  IN  SENTENCES  OF 

PRESENT  TIME. 

(17)  The  Present  Subjunctive  occurs  with  antequam  {priiis- 
quam)  ;  (a)  in  generic  sentences  of  the  present;  (b)  in  sentences 
of  present  time  in  which  "  volition  "  on  the  part  of  some  person 
referred  to  or  expressed  in  the  sentence  is  felt  in  the  antequam 
(priusquam)  clause;'^  (c)  in  a  f  ew  ^^  sentences  in  which  it  is  de- 
sired 'to  express  that  the  action  of  the  leading  sentence  prevents 
the  accomplishment  of  the  action  of  the  antequam  (priusquam) 
clause,  or  in  which  antequam  (priusquam)  is  felt  to  be  equivalent 
to  antequam  (priusquam)  ut;  *°  (d)  in  sentences  in  which  the 
subject  of  the  verb  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  is  the 
indefinite  second  person;  (e)  in  certain  sentences  in  which  the 
antequam  (priusquam)  clause  is  dependent  upon  a  subjunctive  or 
infinitive ;  and,  of  course,  in  Oratio  Obliqua. 

junktiv  steht,  weil  nicht  ein  einzelnes  Factum  gemeint  ist'  The  validity 
of  this  reason  is  destroyed  by  the  frequent  use  of  the  Indicative  to  denote 
repeated  action  as  shown  by  the  examples  quoted  under  this  head.]  ann.  15. 
74.  17  nam  deum  honor  principi  non  ante  habetur,  quam  agere  inter  homi- 
nes desierit. 

With  positive  leading  clause:  Varro  r.  r.  3.  16.  37.  si  quando  subito 
imbri  in  pastu  sunt  oppressae,  aut  frigore  subito,  ante  quam  ipsae  provi- 
derint  id  fore,  (where  the  Subjunctive  may  be  the  result  of  the  "too  soon 
for  "  idea).  Scribonius  Largus,  conp.  45;  Quintilian,  inst  2.  11.  5.  nonnulli 
certa  sibi  initia,  priusquam  sensum  invenerint  destinant 

"^With  a  negative  leading  sentence  this  "volition"  takes  the  form  of 
"insistence"  upon  the  action  of  the  dependent  verb  as  distinguished  from 
"prevention"  ("antecedent  prevention")  which  is  its  usual  significance 
when  the  leading  sentence  is  positive. 

^  Sentences  of  this  kind  in  thef  past  are  quite  common.  The  difference 
in  frequency  of  occurrence  between  the  present  and  the  past  is  doubtless 
mainly  due  to  the  exce'ss  of  historical  narrative  (in  which  past  tenses  have 
the  preponderance),  over  those  parts  of  the  language  in  which  the  present 
tenses  are  of  common  occurrence. 

^'This  depends  almost  entirely  upon  the  mental  attitude  of  the  writer; 
it  is  certain  that  antequam  {priusquam)  was  at  times  felt  to  be  equivalent 
to  antequam  {priusquam)  ut,  but  it  is  often  impossible  in  a  particular 
instance  to  explain  why  it  presented  itself  in  this  way  to  the  writer. 


40  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

(i8)  THE  GENERIC  SENTENCE  OF  THE  PRESENT. 
— The  present  Subjunctive  with  antequam  (priusquam)  in  the 
generic  sentence  (or  sentence  of  repetition)  is  found  as  early  as 
Lucretius  and  the  De  Re  Rustica  of  Varro,  but  it  did  not  become 
established  as  the  usage  in  sentences  of  this  kind  until  after  Cicero. 

Lucretius  5.  1034.  cornua  nata  prius  vitulo  quam  frontibus 
extent,  illis  iratus  petit  atque  infestus  inurget.""  6.  903.  multaque 
praeterea  prius  ipso  tacta  vapore  eminus  ardescunt  quam  com- 
minus  imbuat  ignis.  Varro  r.  r.  i.  30.  i.  non  sunt  absoluta,  ante- 
quam gemmas  agant  ac  florescere  incipiant.  r.  r.  i.  40.  4;  r.  r.  2.  2. 
15;  r.  r.  2.  4.  6;  r.  r.  2.  2.  15;  r.  r.  2.  11.  6.  de  tonsura  ovium 
primum  animadverto  antequam  incipiam  facere,  num  scabiem  .  .  . 
habeant.  r.  r.  3.  16.  34;  r.  r.  3.  9.  20;  1. 1.  6.  52.  ab  eo  ante  quam  ita 
faciant,  pueri  dicuntur  infantes.  1.  1.  8.  83.  nominantur  .  .  .  Roman- 
enses,  qui  manumissi,  ante  quam  sub  magistratum  nomina  .  .  . 
succedere  coeperint.  Cicero  de  orat.  i.  251  (tragoedi)  qui  .  .  . 
cotidie,  ante  quam  pronuntient,  vocem  .  .  .  sensim  excitant."  frag, 
philos.  5.  24.  ut  enim  .  .  .  agricolae  subigunt  aratris  multo  ante, 
quam  serant.*'  Vergil  georg.  4.  306  hoc  geritur  zephyris  primum 
impellentibus  undas,  ante  novis  rubeant  quam  prata  coloribus,  ante 
garrula  quam  tignis  nidum  suspendat  hirundo.  Vitruvius  de  arch. 
2.  5.  2;  art.  arch.  12.  i.  Livy  39.  15.  i.  cum  solemne  carmen 
precationis,  quod  praefari  solent  priusquam  populum  adloquantur 
magistratus,  peregisset  consul."  Pomponius  Mela  3.  26.  Col- 
umella r.  r.  2.  9.  18.  ea  cum  spicas  ediderunt,  prius  quam  semina 
hient  aestibus,  manu  carpuntur.**  r.  r.  2.  9.  19.  panis  ex  milio 
conficitur,  qui  antequam  refrigescat,  sine  fastidio  potest  assumi. 
r.  r.  2.  10.  30.  nam  si  nox  incessit,  quaestulocunque  humore  prius, 
quam  obruatur,  corrumpitur,  r.  r.  2.  10.  33.  propter  quod  nonnulli 

*^  These  sentences  are  referred  by  Hale  (Anticipatory  Subj.  p.  86)  to 
the  Anticipatory   Subjunctive. 

^  Hand  Tursellin.  I.  p.  398  finds  "  consilium "  in  this,  which  is  not  im- 
possible. 

*^  Cicero  fam.  15.  21.  2.  "  quin  etiam,  antequam  ad  me  veniatur,  risus 
omnis  paene  consumitur,"  in  which  allusion  is  made  to  Cicero's  "bons 
mots,"  ought  perhaps  to  be  classed  under  this  head. 

**The  Subjunctive  here  may  be  the  result  of  the  dependence  upon  the 
infinitive,  or  may  be  considered  "prospective," 

"In  this  example  there  may  be  "volition." 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  41 

prius  quam  serant,  minimis  aratris  proscindunt.  r.  r.  2.  13.  i ; 
r.  r.  2.  18.  I.  foenum  autem  demetitur  optima  ante  quam  inarescat.** 
r.  r.  3.  2.  22  humoribus  etiam  prius,  quam  defluant,  putrescunt. 
r.  r.  3.  18.  2.  primum,  quod  nulla  stirps  ante  quam  deponatur 
vexata  et  infracta  melius  provenit,  quam  .  .  .  r.  r.  3.  18.  2.  et 
velut  uncus  infixus  solo,  ante  quam  extrahatur,  praerumpitur. 
r.  r.  4.  3.  2.  (agricolae)  qui  .  .  .  vineas,  antequam  pubescant, 
variis  ex  causis  destituunt.  r.  r.  4.  10.  i ;  r.  r.  4.  24.  10.  r.  r.  4.  30. 

6.  satio  est  eorum  priusquam  germinent,  dum  silent  virgae.  r.  r. 

4.  32.  5.  tempus  repastinandi  et  conserendi  est  prius  quam  oculi 
.  .  .  egerminent.  r.  r.  4.  33.  2.  r.  r.  4.  33.  3;  r.  r.  5.  5.  4.  nimius 
humor,  antequam  convalescant,  semina  necat.  r.  r.  5.  5.  13.  atque 
haec  quidem  cultura.  .  .  .  antequam  gemment,  adhibetur.   r.  r. 

5.  6.  9.  r.  r.  5.  9.  6.  r.  r.  6.  17.  6.  vel  si  antequam  tumor  discutiatur, 
in  suppurationem  convertitur,  optimum  est  .  .  .  r.  r.  7.  3.  19.*" 
r.  r.  7.  5.  12.  subluvies  ...  vel  alumine  et  sulfure  atque  aceto 
mistis  litae  curentur,  vel  austero  punico  malo,  prius  quam  grana 
faciat.*^  r.  r.  7.  8.  6.  nonnulli  antequam  pecus  numellis  inducant, 
virides  pineas  nuces  in  mulctram  demittunt.  r.  r.  7.  9.  9;  r.  r. 

7.  10.  4.  r.  r.  8.  5.  II.  deinde  antequam  consternant  ea,  diligenter 
emundant.  r.  r.  11.  2.  60.  hoc  eodem  tempore  prius  quam  vineae 
pulverentur,  .  .  .  lupini  modii  tres  .  .  .  in  .  .  .  iugera  spargun- 
tur.  r.  r.  12.  18.  6.  at  quae  supra  terram  consistunt,  complures  dies 
antequam  curentur  in  solem  producuntur ;  **  r.  r.  12.  38.  2;  r.  r. 
12.  42.  3  prius  tamen  quam  de  igne  medicamentum  toUatur,  tres 
heminae  roris  .  .  .  adiiciuntur.  r.  r.  12.  49.  8.  de  arbor  8.  5.  sed 
(si)  priusquam  mitescant,  uvae  inarescunt,  hoc  modo  emenda- 
buntur.  Celsus  2.  6;  7.  3.  aut,  si  antequam  sinus  carne  im- 
pleatur,  orae  carnosa  fiunt.  7.  12.  si  .  .  .  ante  alter  dens  nascitur, 
quam  prior  excidat.  Scribonius  Largus.  p.  4;  conp.  81;  conp. 
228.  Seneca  dial.  3.  11.  4.  hos  tamen  Hispani  Gallique  .  .  .  . 
antequam  legio  visatur,  caedunt  ob  nullam  aliam  rem  opportunos 
quam  iracundiam ;  dial.  4.  15.  i ;  dial.  4.  22.  3.  quae  inviti  audimus, 

•"In  which  the  Subjunctive  may  also  be  explained  as  dependent  upon  an 
infinitive. 

"  With  which  cf.  Pliny  nat.  hist.  21.  183.  where  Pres.  Indie,  is  used  in  an 
exactly  similar  sentefnce,  viz. :  one  in  which  the  antequam  (priusquam) 
clause  defines  a  substantive  without  dependence  upon  any  leading  verb. 

**  Columel.  r.  r.  11.  3.  20.,  12.  19.  3.,  and  12.  41.  i.  belong  in  the  category 
of  generic  sentences,  but  have  future  leading  clauses. 


42  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

libenter  credimus  et  antequam  iudicemus,  irascimur."^  dial.  4.  26.  3. 
dial.  7.  10.  3.  haec  omnia  virtus  discutit  et  aurem  pervellit  et 
voluptates  aestimat,  antequam  admittat."^  dial.  8,  3.  4.  potest  ergo 
et  ille,  .  .  .  antequam  ullas  experiatur  tempestates,  in  tuto  sub- 
sistere."^  dial.  11.  10.  3.  cito  enim  nos.  .  .  voluptas  relinquit,  quae 
fluit  et  transit  et  paene  antequam  veniat  aufertur.  benef.  5.  14.  2. 
sic  latro  est,  etiam  antequam  manus  inquinet.  benef.  5.  23.  2. 
nat.  quaest.  2.  12.  6.  ante  autem  videmus  fulgorem  quam  sonum 
audiamus."  nat.  quaest.  2.  20.  3  itaque  omnia,  antequam  ferian- 
tur,  intremiscunt  vibrata  vento.  nat.  quaest.  4.  i.  2.  nat.  quaest. 
5.  8.  2  nam  etiam  antequam  adpareat,  lumine  ipso  valet,  nat. 
quaest.  5.  10.  2.  nat.  quaest.  6.  13.  5  ideoque  antequam  terra 
moveatur,  solent  mugitus  audiri  ventis  in  abdito  tumultuantibus. 
nat.  quaest.  6.  28.  i.  epist.  50.  5."  epist.  42.  9  si  diu  illud 
habuisti,  perdis  postquam  satiatus  es ;  si  non  diu,  perdis  antequam 
adsuescas.  epist.  71.  27.  epist.  74.  33  sic  infirmus  animus  multo 
ante  quam  opprimatus  malis  quatitur.  epist.  86.  18.  epist.  99. 
II.  epist.  103.  2  tempestas  minatur,  antequam  surgat,  crepant 
aedificia,  antequam  conruant.  epist.  104.  15  ut  Maeander  .  .  . 
saepe  in  vicinum  alveo  suo  admotus,  antequam  sibi  influat,  flec- 
titur.  epist.  121.  19.  trag.  here.  fur.  214  antequam  laetam  domum 
contingat,  aliud  iussus  ad  bellum  meat,  agamem.  956  qualisque 
ad  aras  colla  taurorum  pius  designat  oculis  ante  quam  ferro  petat. 
Pliny,  nat.  hist.  10.  194  quippe  non  omnes  eadem  esca  capiuntur 
et  prius  quam  adpetant  odorantur.  nat.  hist.  10.  198.  nat.  hist. 
II.  86.  nat.  hist.  11.  271.  nat.  hist.  12.  26  hae  priusquam  dehis- 
cant  decerptae  tostaeque  sole  faciunt  quod  vocatur  piper  longum. 
nat.  hist.  12.  68.  nat.  hist.  12.  103.  nat.  hist.  12.  130.  nat.  hist. 
14.  37  huius  folia  sicuti  labruscae  prius  quam  decidant  sanguineo 
colore  mutantur.  nat.  hist.  14.  85.  nat.  hist,  14.  99.  nat.  hist.  15. 
14.  nat.  hist.  15.  84  folia  antequam  decidant  rubescunt.  nat.  hist. 
16.  84.  nat.  hist.   16.    no  ocissime  autem  salix  amittit  semen, 

*®  In  which  iudicemus  may  have  been  used  as  equivalent  to  iudicare  pos- 
simus;  that  is  antequam  =  antequam  ut. 

^Seneca,  dial.  9.  11.  8.  multo  ante  se  armabit  quam  petatur,  has  the 
future  in  the  leading  sentence.     It  is  possible  also  to  find  "  volition  "  in  it. 

"In  which  the  subjunctive  may  be  explained  as  dependent  upon  an 
infinitive. 

"  Cf.  Lucretius  6.  170.  sic  fulgorem  quoque  cernimus  ante  quam  toni- 
trum  accipimus. 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  43 

antequam  omnino  maturitatem  sentiat.  nat.  hist.  17.  145.  nat. 
hist.  17.  153.  nat.  hist.  17.  182.  nat.  hist.  17.  189.  nat.  hist.  17. 
226.  nat.  hist.  18.  yy.  nat.  hist.  18.  104  nunc  fermentum  fit  ex 
ipsa  farina  quae  subigitur  prius  quam  addatur  sal.  nat.  hist. 
18.  149.  nat.  hist.  18.  150.  nat.  hist.  18.  171  culter  vocatur 
inflexus  praedensam  priusquam  proscindatur  terram  secans  .  .  . 
nat.  hist.  19.  109.  nat.  hist.  19.  122  raphanus  utique  iucundior 
detractis  foUis  antequam  decaulescat.  nat.  hist.  19.  143.  nat.  hist. 
20.  66.  nat.  hist.  20.  259  ambustis  cruda  inlinitur,  sed  saepius 
mutatur  priusquam  arescat.  nat.  hist.  20.  263  hie  antequam  floreat 
contusus  atque  expressus  inUto  suco  alopecias  replet.  nat.  hist. 
22.  153.  nat.  hist.  22.  159.  nat.  hist.  23.  73  praeclarum  habent 
usum  antequam  condiantur  recentes  per  se  cibi  modo  devoratae. 
nat.  hist.  23.  112.  nat.  hist.  23.  160.  nat.  hist.  24.  103.  nat.  hist. 

25.  21  florem  vibones  vocant,  qui  coUectus  prius  quam  tonitrum 
audiatur  et  devoratus  securos  in  totum  annum  a  metu  anginae 
praestat.  nat.  hist.  25.  152.  nat.  hist.  25.  166  prius  quam  deco- 
quatur  aqua  marina  aut  salsa  lavatur.  nat.  hist.  26.  y6.  nat.  hist. 

26.  103.  nat.  hist.  26.  128.  nat.  hist.  27.  51.  nat.  hist.  2y.  58. 
nat.  hist.  27.  iii  eaedem  priusquam  maturescat  semen  concisae 
et  sole  siccatae  alvum  sistunt.  nat.  hist.  28.  38.  nat.  hist.  28.  147 
ibi  enim  sacerdos  .  .  .  sanguinem  tauri  bibit  prius  quam  in 
specum  descendat.  nat.  hist.  28.  175.  nat.  hist.  28.  259.  nat.  hist. 
30.  loi.  nat.  hist.  30.  106.  nat.  hist.  30.  108.  nat.  hist.  31.  58. 
nat.  hist.  33.  88  et  herba  supra  dicta  pingiturque  antequam  pingat. 
nat.  hist.  33.  91.  nat.  hist.  37.  125.''  nat.  List.  37.  199  fulgoris 
inconstantia,  prius  quam  ad  oculos  perveniat  desinens  nitor.'" 
Quintilian.  inst.  i.  2.  8  discunt  haec  miseri,  antequam  sciant  vitia 
esse.  inst.  4.  i.  2.  inst.  4.  5.  5  index  .  .  .  non  aliter  praeformidat, 
quam  qui  ferrum  medici  prius  quam  curetur  aspexit.  inst.  7.  i.  3." 
inst.  9.  3.  55  repetit  enim  quae  dicta  sunt,  et  priusquam  ad  aliud 
descendat,  in  prioribus  resistit.  decl.  323  p.  272"^"^  haec  enim,  prius- 
quam dedicationis  accipiant  summam  religionem,  opera  sunt 
tantum.  decl.  388.  p.  436  longo  spatio  ingredientem  fatigat,  ante 

'"The  Subjunctive  here  may  also  be  due  to  the  conception  of  antequam 
as  equivalent  to  antequam  ut. 

°*The  priusquam  clause  in  this  sentence  can  hardly  be  supposed  to  be 
influenced  by  necesse  est. 

^^  Reference  is  made  to  the  Declamationes  of  Quintilian  by  the  page 
of  the  Teubner  text  of  Ritter. 


44  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

quam  destituat."^  Pliny  epist.  i.  i6.  7  est  ergo  mecum  per  diem 
totum;  eundem,  antequam  scribam,  eundem,  cum  scripsi,  eundem, 
etiam  cum  remittor,  non  tamquam  eundem  lego. 

(19)  SENTENCES  INVOLVING  VOLITION.— The  ex- 
amples of  present  time  in  which  the  Subjunctive  is  used  because 
of  the  "  volition  "  felt  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause,  may 
for  greater  convenience  of  examination  and  reference  be  divided 
into  several  distinct  classes." 

(i)  After  a  positive  Imperative  leading  clause. — When  the 
Imperative  (or  Subjunctive  used  as  an  Imperative)  occurs  in 
the  leading  sentence,  the  present  Subjunctive"^*  is  used  in  the 
antequam  (priusquam)  clause,  if  the  leading  sentence  is  positive.™ 

When  the  subject  of  the  dependent  clause  is  the  same  as  that  of 
the  leading  sentence  the  imperative  sense  is  felt  in  both  members ; 
e.  g.  Plant.  Merc.  601  prius  quam  recipias  anhelitum,  uno  verba 
eloquere  is  felt  to  be  equivalent  to  noli  prius  recipere  anhelitum; 
(sed)  uno  verba  eloquere. 

When  the  subject  of  the  dependent  clause  is  not  the  same  as 
that  of  the  leading  sentence  the  Subjunctive  in  the  antequam 
(priusquam)  clause  denotes  "  negative  purpose " ;  e.  g.  Plant. 
Rudens  626  praetorquete  iniuriae  prius  collum  quam  ad  nos  per- 
veniat  is  equivalent  to  praetorquet  iniuriae  collum,  ne  prius  ad 
nos  perveniat, 

Ennius.  med.  exul.  14.  (Ribbeck  I.  p.  56.)  inspice  hoc  facinus, 
prius  quam  fiat.  Plautus.  mere.  601  prius  quam  recipias  anheli- 
tum, uno  verbo  eloquere;   ubi  ego  sum.*^  mere.  1015.  pseud.  241. 

"Descriptive  of  a  shallow  beach. 

^'^  Although  the  realization  of  "  volition  "  is,  of  course,  future,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  usual  arrangement  these  sentences  are  given  under  the 
general  heading  of  "  Sentences  of  Present  time." 

^The  Indicative  sometimes  occurs  in  early  Latin  and  in  the  conversa- 
tional style. 

■^"When  the  leading  sentence  is  negative  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  is  the 
rule;  which  is  in  accordance  with  the  principles  enunciated,  p.  54  (Sentences 
of  Future  Time),  since  the  time  of  the  Imperative  is  future. 

^^  Compare  Plautus.  Asinar.  940,  Curcul.  210,  True.  115,  in  which  the 
Pres.  Indie,  is  used  with  Imperative  leading  sentences. 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  45 

Ca.  heus  abi(i)t;  quin  revocas?  Ps.  quid  properas?  placide.  Ca.  at 
prius  quam  abeat  {revoca).  rud.  626  praetorquete  iniuriae  prius 
collum  quam  ad  nos  perven(i)at.  Cato.  agr.  cult.  50.  2.  haec  facito, 
antequam  viniam  fodere  incipias.  agr.  cult.  53.  I.  priusquam  semen 
maturum  siet,  secato."^  agr.  cult.  53.  i.  et  quod  optimum  faenum 
erit,  seorsum  condito,  per  ver  cum  arabunt,  antequam  ocinum 
des,  quod  edint  boves,  agr.  cult.  113.  i.  agr.  cult.  117.  i.  agr. 
cult.  143.  2.  agr.  cult.  157.  3.  verum  prius  quam  id  inponas,  aqua 
calida  multa  lavato.  Varro  1.  1.  6.  16.  in  Tusculanis  sacris  est 
scriptum :  "  Vinum  novum  ne  vehatur  in  urbem  ante  quam 
vinalia  kalentur."  "^  Cicero,  att.  5.  4.  3.  si  me  amas,  prius- 
quam proficiscaris,  effice.  ad.  att.  5.  5.  2.  leg.  2.  8.  videamus  .  .  . 
prius  quam  adgrediamur  ad  leges  singulas,  vim  naturamque  legis. 
leg.  2.  9.  Vergil,  georg.  i.  219.  georg.  i.  347.;  georg.  2.  259. 
georg.  3.  468.  continuo  culpam  ferro  compesce  prius  quam  dira 
per  incautum  serpant  contagia  volgus.  Vitruvius.  art.  arch. 
6.  26.  Livy  23.  3.  6.  sed  prius  in  eius  locum  virum  fortem  ac 
strenuum  novum  senatorem  cooptabitis,  quam  de  noxio  sup- 
plicium  sumatur."'  28.  41.  9;  45.  12.  5.  "priusquam  hoc  circulo 
excedas/'  inquit,  "  redde  responsum,  senatui  quod  referam."" 
Valerius  Maximus.  6.  4.  3.  "  prius  "  inquit  "  quam  hoc  circulo 
excedas  da  responsum,  quod  senatui  referam."  ^*  Seneca  suasor. 
2.  2.  21.  controv.  2.  3.  19.  antequam  ferias,  patrem  respice.  con- 
trov.  2.  4.  10.  Celsus.  i.  8;  3.  12.  deinde  eodem  modo  .  .  . 
antequam  inhorrescere  possit,  operiatur.  Columella,  r.  r.  i.  i.  15 
hos  igitur,  .  .  .  prius  quam  cum  agricolatione  contrahas,  advocato 
in  consilium,  r.  r.  2.  10.  12.;  r.  r.  2.  20.  I.  sed  cum  matura  fuerit 
seges,  ante  quam  torreatur  vaporibus  aestivi  sideris,  .  .  .  celeri- 
ter  demetatur.  r.  r.  4.  8.  3 ;  r.  r.  5.  9.  7;  r.  r.  5.  9.  8;  r.  r.  5.  10.  7; 
r.  r.  5  ID.  9.  primo  vere  antequam  germinent  arbores,  deponito. 
r.  r.  5.  10.  2;  r.  r.  5.  10.  16;  r.  r.  9.  8.  i;  r.  r.  12.  25.  4. 
mustum  autem  antequam  de  lacu  tollas,  vasa  rore  .  .  .  suf- 
fumigato;    r.  r.   12.  28.  2.;    r.  r.   12.  29.   i;    r.  r.   12.   54.   i.; 

•^  Cf.  Pliny  nat.  hist.  18.  260.  prius  quam  semen  maturum  sit,  secato. 

^^More  exact  syntax  would  here  have  required  the  Perfect  Subjunctive 
because  of  the  negative. 

^  Cooptabitis,  future  used  as  an  Imperative.  Weissenborn's  note  on  the 
passage  is;  "cooptabitis,  ihr  miisst  wahlen;  *ihr  diirft  nicht  eher  strafen.'" 

®*The  same  incident  is  also  told  in  Pliny  nat.  hist.  34.  24.  and  Veil. 
Paterc.  i.  lo.  2. 


46  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

r.  r.  12.  58.  I.;  r.  r.  de  arbor.  3.  6.  agrum  antequam  viiieis 
obseras,  explorato  qualis  saporis  sit.  r.  r.  de  arbor.  6.  4. ; 
r.  r.  de  arbor.  16.  2.;  r.  r.  de  arbor.  18.  i.;  r.  r.  de  arbor. 
20.  2;  r.  r.  de  arbor.  20.  3.;  r.  r.  de  arbor.  22.  i.;  r.  r.  de  arbor. 
23.  2.  alio  modo,  cum  iam  matura  mala  fuerint,  ante  quam  rum- 
pantur,  petiolos,  quibus  pendent,  intorqueto.  Calpurnius  Siculus. 
eclog.  5.  63.  nee  prius  aestivo  pecus  includatur  ovili,  quam 
levibus  nidis  somnos  captare  volucris  cogitet  et  tremulo  gemi- 
bunda  fritinniat  ore.^'  Seneca  dial.  5.  8.  8.  epist.  98.  7.  quod- 
cumque  laesurum  est,  multo  ante  quam  accidat  speculare  et  averte. 
here.  fur.  1085  nee  torva  prius  pectora  linquas  quam  mens  repetat 
pristina  eursum.^  thyest.  201  proinde  antequam  se  firmet^  aut 
vires  paret  "''petatur  ultro;  ne  quiseentem  petat.  here.  oet.  1152. 
Pliny  nat.  hist.  17.  158;  nat.  hist.  18.  14. ; ""  nat.  hist.  18.  176. ;  nat. 
hist.  18.  260.;  nat.  hist.  18.  315  uvam  rorulentam  ne  legito,  hoc 
est  si  ros  nocturnus  fuerit,  nee  prius  quam  sole  diseutiatur." 
Quintilian  inst.  6.  2.  28.  Pliny  epist.  6.  23.  4.;  epist.  8.  4.  6. 
mittito,  immo  etiam  antequam  absolvas  .  .  . 

(2)  In  Sentences  in  which  antequam  (priusquam)  has  the 
sense  potius  quam. — Most  common  in  the  poets. 

Ennius  hee.  VI.  (Ribbeek  trag.  frag.  I.  p.  42)  senex  sum: 
utinam  mortem  oppetam,  priusquam  evenat  quod  in  pauperie  et 
miseria  graviter  gemam."  Plautus.  amphit.  240  animam  omittunt 
priusquam  loco  demigrent.  Cicero  fam.  9.  26.  i.  tamen,  quid 
potius  faciam,  priusquam  me  dormitum  eonferam,  non  reperio." 
tuse.  5.  78.    Vergil.^    Ovid,  metam.  3.  391.  "  ante,"  ait,  "  emoriar, 

*^The  only  examples  of  the  Present  Subjunctive  with  negative  impera- 
tive leading  sentences. 

^  Ms.A  gives  the  reading  "  firmet "  and  "  paret,"  which  I  have 
adopted  instead  of  "  firmat,"  and  "  parat,"  the  reading  given  in  their  edition 
of  1867  by  Peiper  and  Richter.  The  Indicative  in  such  a  sentence  is 
without  parallel  in  the  later  language. 

"The  meaning  of  priusquam  in  this  sentence  is  plainly  potius  quam, 
but  the  Subjunctive  is  also  required  because  of  the  dependence  of  the 
priusquam  clause  upon  the  subjunctive  "oppetam." 

^The  Oratio  Obliqua  from  reperio  demands  subjunctive  here  as  well  as 
the  potius  quam  sense  of  priusquam. 

**  Vergil  aen.  4.  24  "  sed  mihi  vel  tellus  optem  prius  ima  dehiscat,  vel 
pater  omnipotens  abigat  me  fulmine  ad  umbras,  pallentis  umbras  Erebo 
noctemque  profundam,  ante,  pudor,  quam  te  viola  aut  tua  iura  resolvo;" 


VNJVh^S/TY 

^  OF 

Sentences  of  jPresent  Time  47 

quart!  sit  tibi  copia  nostri."  trist.  5.  6.  19.  spiritus  hie  .  .  . 
membris  exeat  ante  meis,  quam  tua  delicto  stringantur  pectora 
nostro,  et  videar  .  .  .  esse  .  .  .  ;  trist.  5.  13.  21 ;  ep.  ex  pont. 
4.  12.  33.;  ep.  her.  3.  63;  Horace,  od.  3.  2'j.  53  antequam  turpis 
macies  decentis  occupet  malas  teneraeque  sucus  defluat  praedae 
speciosa  quaero  pascere  tigris.  Livy.  26.  13.  17.  itaque  quibus 
vestrum  ante  fato  cedere,  quam  haec  tot  tarn  acerba  videant,  in 
animo  esta,  iis  .  .  .  epulae  .  .  .  paratae  sunt."    Seneca,  here.  oet. 

[Closely  related  to  these  examples  are  those  of  the  so-called 
"  figura  adovdTou'\  in  which  it  is  said  that  something  highly  im- 
probable or  impossible  will  take  place  "  sooner  than  "  the  action  of 
the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause;  but  these  sentences  all  have 
future  leading  verbs  and  will  therefore  be  discussed  under  Sen- 
tences of  the  future  time.] 

(3)  Sentences  in  which  "  volition  "  is  felt  in  the  antequam 
(priusquam)  clause,  but  which  do  not  fall  under  the  preceding 
categories,  (i)  and  (2).  _ 

Plautus.  amph.  533.  exire  ex  urbe  prius  quam  lucescat  volo; 
mere.  169  multa  exquirere  etiam  prius  volo  quam  vapulem; 
poen.  321.  prius  quam  Venus  expergiscatur,  prius  deproperant 
sedulo  sacruficare.^^  Varro  r.  r.  i.  31.  5.  id  est  ex  fabali  segete 
viride  sectum  antequam  genat  siliquas.  r.  r.  i.  23.  6.;  Caesar  b.  c. 
I.  22.  2  neque  ab  eo  prius  Domitiani  milites  discedunt,  quam  in 

a  very  unusual  use  of  the  Indicative;  the  only  case  (except  Seneca  Here. 
Oet  1414  where  the  text  is  in  doubt)  in  which  antequam  (priusquam)  in 
the  sense  of  potius  quam  is  used  which  the  Indicative ;  yet  few  if  any  of  the 
editors  make  any  comment  upon  the  mood.  The  Grammarians  Diomedes 
I.  395  K,  Dositheus  VII.  421  K,  Consentius  V.  403  K,  and  Servius  aen. 
IV.  322  all  read  "  violo  " ;  Ribbeck  crit.  appar.  gives  "  violem  "  as  reading 
of  ms.  m,  but  reads  "  violo  "  in  his  text  as  do  all  the  other  editors.  Seneca 
Here.  Oet.  1414  "vel  scelere  pereat  antequam  letum  mihi  ignavus  aliquis 
mandat  ac  turpis  manus  de  me  triumphat."  mss.  A.  mandet  and  triumphet. 

^"Subjunctive  here  may  also  be  due  to  Oratio  Obliqua  from  "in  animo 
est." 

^^  While  this  example  might  (possibly)  be  classed  as  generic,  it  is 
more  in  accordance  with  the  usage  of  Plautus  to  explain  the  Subjunc- 
tive as  due  to  "  volition  "  which  can  certainly  be  imagined  to  be  present. 


48  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

conspectum  Caesaris  deducatur;"  b.  c.  i.  54.  4.  hunc  celeriter, 
priusquam  ab  adversariis  sentiatur,  communit.  Ovid  metam.  11. 
531.  nee  prius  absistit  fessam  oppugnare  carinam,  quam  velut  in 
captae  descendat  moenia  navis.  Vergil,  aen.  i.  192  nee  prius 
absistit,  quam  septem  ingentia  vietor  eorpora  fundat  humi  et  num- 
erum  eum  navibus  aequetf^  aen.  11.  809;  Columella,  r.  r.  12.  15.  3. 
cum  deinde  paulum  siceatae  sunt,  antequam  indureseant,  in  labra 
.  .  .  eongerunt  eas.'^*  Pliny  nat.  hist.  19.  107  semen  ceparum 
nigreseere  ineipiens  antequam  inareseat  metunt;"  nat.  hist.  18.  79 
hordeum  ex  omni  frumento  minime  ealamitosum,  quia  ante  tollitur 
quam  tritieum  oecupet  rubigo."  Lucan.  pharsal.  8.  712  ante 
tamen  Pharias  vietor  quam  tangat  harenas,  Pompeio  raptim  tumu- 
lum  fortuna  paravit,  ne  iaceat  nullo,  vel  ne  meliore  sepulehro." 

(20)  ANTEQUAM  =  ANTEQUAM  UT.—Sentenees  in 
which  antequam  (priusquam)  is  felt  to  be  equivalent  to  antequam 
(priusquam)  ut  ("  sooner  than  that  "  =  "  too  soon  for  "). 

Lucretius  3.  959  et  necopinanti  mors  ad  caput  adstitit  ante 
quam  satur  ac  plenus  possis"  discedere  rerum ;  3.  822  aut  quia  quae 
veniunt  aliqua  ratione  reeedunt  pulsa  prius  quam  quid  noceant  sen- 
tire  queamus ; "  6.  462  cum  eonsistunt  nubila  primum,  ante  videre 
oculi  quam  possint,"  .  .  .  venti  .  .  .  cogunt.     Cicero,   fam.    10. 

"This  sentence  being  negative  the  "volition"  takes  the  form  of  insis- 
tence upon  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause  (vid.  Anton  Beobacht.  p. 
27.  p.  34)  ;  sometimes,  however,  in  such  a  sentence,  as  a  natural  result  of 
the  negative  leading  sentence,  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  is  used  in  the 
antequam  (priusquam)  clause  as  in  Caesar  b.  g.  3.  18  7  "non  prius  .  . 
duces  .  .  dimittunt,  quam  ab  his     sit  concessum  .  .  .  .  " 

"  Insistence ;  see  note  on  Caesar  b.  c.  i.  22.  2.  above. 

"  This  may  be  taken  as  simply  generic  but  "  volition "  is  possible. 

■"This,  like  the  preceding  sentence,  is  generic  but  is  not  classed  among 
the  generic  sentences  because  of  the  evident  presence  of  volition,  whereas 
the  Subjunctive  of  the  sentences  classed  as  generic  is  solely  due  to  the 
generic  character  of  the  sentence. 

^*The  nature  of  the  Subjunctive  in  this  sentence  is  difficult  to  determine; 
"volition"  is  suggested  by  "ne  iaceat",  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  the 
Subjunctive  (usually  imperfect)  of  narrative,  which  was  the  regular  use 
before  Lucan,  influenced  the  use  of  the  mood  in  narrative  even  when 
present  tenses  were  used. 

"  Notice  that  the  verb  is  a  potential,  which  of  itself  suggests  the  mean- 
ing "too  soon  for"  for  antequam  (priusquam). 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  49 

18.  3.  quod  (vulnus)  prius  nocere  potest,  quam  sciri  curarique 
possit ; "  re  pub.  2.  6.  navalis  hostis  ante  adesse  potest,  quam  quis- 
quam  venturum  esse  suspicari  queat; "  leg.  agr.  2.  71.  Livy  22.  39. 
6.  nunc  quoque  consul,  priusquam  castra  videat  aut  hostem,  in- 
sanit;'"  i.  17.  9;  3.  53.  7.;  Columella  r.  r.  6.  27.  7.  qui  tamen 
inutilis  est,  quod  triennio,  prius  quam  adolescat,  morte  absumitur. 
r.  r.  7.  4.  4.  nam  prius  quam  foeminas  inire  poss.int  mares  castrati, 
cum  bimatum  expleverint,  enecantur.  Petronius  sat.  88.;  Pliny 
nat.  hist.  28.  252. 

(21)  INDEFINITE  SECOND  PERSON.— Sentences  in 
which  the  subject  of  the  verb  of  the  dependent  clause  is  the  indefi- 
nite second  person.  Both  the  Present  and  the  Perfect  Subjunc- 
tive occur. 

(a)   Present  Subjunctive: 

Terence,  adel.  582  ubi  ad  Dianae  veneris,  ito  ad  dexteram. 
prius  quam  ad  portam  venias,  apud  ipsum  lacum  est  pistrilla. 
Varro.  r.  r.  i.  4.  i."  Cicero  de  off.  i.  73.  in  omnibus  autem 
negotiis,  prius  quam  adgrediare,  adhibenda  est  praeparatio  dili- 
gens.  Sallust.  cat.  i.  6  nam  et  prius  quam  incipias  consulto  et 
ubi  consulueris  mature  facto  opus  est.  Livy  9.  2.  8.  sed  ante- 
quam  venias  ad  eum,  intrandae  primae  angustiae  sunt.  Seneca. 
controv.  i.  8.  3.  optimus  virtutis  finis  est,  antequam  deficias 
desinere.'"  Columella,  r.  r.  11.  3.  51.''  Seneca  dial.  9.  5.  5. 
ultimum  malorum  est  e  vivorum  numero  exire,  antequam 
moriaris.^"  epist.  90.  46  et  in  optimis  quoque,  antequam  erudias, 

"  Weissenborn  comments  upon  this  sentence;  "  weil  der  Gedanke  zu 
Grunde  liegt:  obgleich  er  noch  nicht  einmal  sehen  kann;"  Hale  (Antic. 
Subj.)  p.  88.  explains  as  "clause  of  an  act  anticipated  and  forestalled  in 
the  sense  of  not  being  waited  for;  "  neither  of  which  is  satisfactory  as  an 
explanation  of  the  Subjunctive.  The  explanation  seems  rather  to  be 
either  that  "priusquam"  has  the  sense  "too  soon  for,"  or  that  suggested 
in  the  note  on  Lucan  Phars.  8.  612;  viz.:  that  the  use  of  the  Subjunctive 
in  narrative  with  past  tenses  was  extended  to  the  present  when  the  his- 
torical present  was  used  in  narrative  in  the  leading  sentence. 

™In  which  it  is  possible  to  consider  the  subject  of  the  dependent 
clause  the  second  person  to  whom  the  work  is  addressed,  not  the  pure 
indefinite  second  person. 

^  In  which  the  infinitive  also  must  be  taken  into  account  in  the  explana- 
tion of  the  mood. 


50  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

virtutis  materia,  non  virtus  est.  Pliny  nat.  hist.  i8.  193  iustum 
est  vehes  XVIII  iugero  tribui,  dispergere  autem  priusquam  ares." 
Martial.  2.  44.  durum  est,  Sexte,  negare,  cum  rogeris,  quanto 
durius,  antequam  rogeris! 

(b)   Perfect  Subjunctive. 

Plautus.  true.  51  priusquam  unum  dederis,  centum  quae  poscat 
parat.  Cicero  verr.  2.  i.  39.  hoc  .  .  .  malum  non  modo  exsistit, 
verum  etiam  opprimit,  antequam  prospicere  atque  explorare 
potueris;  verr.  2.  5.  182;  de  or.  3.  203  deinde  dubitatio,  tum  dis- 
tributio,  tum  correctio  vel  ante  vel  post  quam  dixeris  vel  cum 
aliquid  a  te  ipso  reicias.  Quintilian.  inst.  9.  i.  30.  (same  as 
Cicero  de  or.  3.  203). 

(22)  SUBJUNCTIVE  OR  INFINITIVE  SEQUENCE.— 

Sentences  in  which  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  is  dependent 
upon  a  verb  in  the  Subjunctive  or  Infinitive. 

(a)   "  Ut "  of  purpose,  "  ut  "  of  result,  and  "  quin  "  : 

Plautus.  epid.  276.  Pe.  quam  ad  rem  istam  refert  ?  Ep.  Rogas  ? 
ut  enim  (earn)  praestines  argento,  prius  quam  veniat  filius ;  rud. 
454  sed  quid  ego  cesso  fugere  in  fanum  ac  dicere  haec  Palaestrae, 
prius  in  aram  ut  confugiamus  quam  hue  scelestus  leno  veniat  nos- 
que  hie  opprimat.  Terence,  eun.  751  at  enim  cave,  ne  prius  quam 
hanc  a  me  accipias  amittas,  Chremes ;  ^^  Cato  r.  r.  113.  i.  ponito  in 
dolio  et  operito,  ne  odor  exeat,  antequam  vinum  indas.  Varro, 
r.  r.  I.  I.  I.  annus  .  .  .  admonet  me  ut  sarcinas  conligam  ante- 
quam proficiscar  e  vita;  r.  r.  i.  27.  2;  r.  r.  i.  41.  2.;*^  r. 
r.  I.  41.  3.;  r.  r.  i.  69.  I.;  r.  r.  2.  11.  6.;  r.  r.  3.  6.  3.;'* 
Cicero,  fam  3.  5.  4.  utriusque  nostrum  magni  interest,  ut  te  videam 
ante,  quam  discedas ;  fam.  12.  14.  5. ;  att.  2.  4.  i. ;  att.  5.1.5.;  att. 
8.  12.  B.  2;  att.  8.  12.  D.  2.;  dom.  45.;  plane.  40;""  de  off.  3.  93.; 
tusc.  I.  16.  haec  .  .  .  spinosiora,  prius  ut  confitear,  me  cogunt, 
quam  ut  adsentiar ;  de  leg.  2.  14. ;  orator  1 19. ;  Vitruvius.  de  arch. 
I.  I.  10.  de  arch.  8.  i.  i.  (perf.  subj.)  ;  de  arch.  10.  praef.  4.; 

®^The  Perfect  Subjunctive  might  be  expected  because  of  negative  lead- 
ing sentence, 

^^ Varro  3.  7.  11  gives  Pres.  Indie,  in  a  similar  context;  an  example  of 
the  irregularity  of  Varronian  syntax,  vid.  Krumbiegel.  Varro.  32  seq. 

^The  Perfect  Subjunctive  "potuerim"  after  "result"  clause. 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  51 

Senecai.  controv.  exc.  4.  7.  nolo  tyrannicida  imitetur  antequam  occi- 
dat  tyrannum.  Celsus.  2.  17  ut  neque  ad  eum  frigus  adspiret,  et 
ibi  quoque,  antequam  aliquid  aSvSumat,  insudet.  Columella,  r.  r.  i. 
21.  ne  vSupremus  ante  me  dies  occupet,  quam  .  .  .  possim.  ;^ 
r.  r.  I.  8.  16.;  r.  r.  2.  8.  2.;  r.  r.  3.  3.  4.;  r.  r.  4.  14.  i.;  r.  r.  6. 
3.  5.;  r.  r.  II.  3.  7.;  r.  r.  11.  3.  31.;  r.  r.  12.  26.  i.;  r.  r.  12.  56.  3.; 
Seneca  dial.  7.  20.  5.  exorabor  antequam  roger,  honestis  precibus 
occurram ;  here.  oet.  579 ;  Pliny  nat.  hist.  9.  167.  nat.  hist.  18.  73. ; 
Quintilian  inst.  6.  2.  28. ;  Pliny  ep.  traian.  46.  ut  .  .  .  ante 
mittam  nova  diplomata,  quam  desiderari  possint.**  Suetonius 
tiber.  6y. 

(b)  Dependent  upon  Ideal  (Less  Vivid)  Protasis  or  Apodosis. 
Both  Present  and  Perfect  Subjunctive  occur. 

Present : 

Plautus.  aul.  336  ubi  siquid  poscam  usque  ad  rauim  poscam 
prius  quam  quicquam  detur.  Ovid.  art.  amat.  i.  271.;^  Livy. 
9.  9.  I.  sed,  si  me  audiatis,  priusquam  dedantur,  hie  in  comitio 
virgis  caesos,  banc  iam  ut  intercalatae  poenae  usuram  habeant. 
Columella  r.  r.  5.  5.  i.  si  .  .  .  ante  annum  fiant,  quam  vineta 
conserantur;  r.  r.  5.  5.  2. ;  r.  r.  8.  8.  11.;  r.  r.  9.  9.  4.;  Pliny  nat. 
hist.  8.  172  quae  non  prius  quam  dentes  .  .  .  iaciat  conceperit 
steriHs  intellegitur ;  ^^  nat.  hist.  1 1.  49. 

Perfect : 

Plautus.  trin.  866  si  ante  lucem  ire  .  .  .  occipias  .  .  .  ,  con- 
cubium  sit  noctis,  prius  quam  ad  postremum  perveneris ;  Terence 
and.  375  si  id  suscenseat  nunc,  quia  non  det  tibi  uxorem  .  .  .  prius 
quam  tuom  .  .  .  animum  .  .  .  perspexerit;  Cicero  acad.  2.  116 
si  adigam  ius  iurandum  sapientem,  nee  prius,  quam  Archimedes 
.  .  .  rationes  .  .  .  descripserit  .  .  .  iuraturum  putas  ?  *^  de  orat. 
I.  251.  hoc  nos  si  facere  velimus,  ante  condemnentur  ii,  .  .  .  , 

•  "The  Perfect  Subjunctive  might  have  been  used;  negative  leading  sen- 
tence. 

^  Martial.  8.  36.  9.  uses  the  Pres.  Indie,  in  a  "  prius  quam  "  clause  depend- 
ing upon  a  subjunctive  following  "  ut  "  of  result.  "  aethera  sic  intrat . .  ut . . 
tonet  .  .  et  prius  .  .  satietur  .  .  numine  Phoebi,  nascentis  Circe  quam 
videt  ora  patris." 

®'  Only  the  apodosis  of  the  condition  is  here  expressed. 

"  "  Quae  non  . . .  conceperit "  =  "  si  quae  non  conceperit." 

^  Cicero  tusc.  i.  95  has  Perfect  Indicative. 


52  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

quam  totiens,  quotiens  praescribitur,  Paeanen  .  .  .  citarimus. 
Auct.  ad  Heren.  2.  29.  46.  ut  si  quis  .  .  .  antequam  .  .  .  argu- 
mentationes  attulerit,  augeat  peccatum  et  dicat  .  .  .   ; 

(c)  Dependent  upon  an  infinitive,  a  clause  introduced  by  oportet, 
debet,  licet,  nee  esse  est,  etc.,  or  the  verbal  in  'ndus.  Impersonal 
verbs  and  infinitive  sequences. 

Cato.  de  agr.  cult.  134.  i.  (oportet)  ;  Varro  r.  r.  i.  68.  i 
(adsequi  vult.)  ;  Cicero,  ad  brut.  i.  17.  i.'^  (opertet)  ;  ligar.  2. 
(necesse  est)  ;  sest.  15.  (necesse  est)  ;  phil.  2.  81  (debet)  ;  phil. 
7.  26  (oportet)  ;  acad.  2.  39.  (necesse  est)  ;  acad.  2.  93  (placet)  ; 
Celsus.  2.  17  (debet)  ;  4.  31  (debet)  ;  5.28  (alienum  est)  ;  6.4;  7.2. 
(oportet)  ;  7.  19  (debet)  ;  Curtius.  9.  5.  2.  (opprimi  poterat)  ;  Col- 
umella r.  r.  2.  3.  2. ;  r.  r.  2.  8.  15.  r.  r.  2.  10.  15.  r.  r.  2.  11.  9.  (opor- 
tet) r.  r.  2.  15.  2.  (ratio  est)  ;  r.  r.  2.  17.  5.  r.  r.  4.  20.  4.  (debent)  ;  r. 
r.  5. 6.  8.  (debent)  ;  r.  r.  5.  6.  17  (convenit)  ;  r.  r.  5.  10.  i.  (oportet)  ; 
r.  r.  5.  10.  21.  (expedit)  ;  r.  r.  6.  14.  7  (oportet)  ;  r.  r..7.  7.  2 
(convenit);  r.  r.  9.  13.  12  (debet);  r.  r.  11.  2.  19.  (utile  est); 
r.  r.  II.  2.  44.  (oportet)  ;  r.  r.  11.  2.  50  (oportet)  ;  r.  r.  11.  2.  54 
(oportet);  r.  r.  11.  3.  21.;  r.  r.  12.  7.  i.;  de  arb.  17.  4. 
(convenit).  Scribonius  Largus.  conp.  62;  conp.  158.  Seneca 
dial.  4.  12.  2.  (necesse  est)  ;  dial.  5.  10.  4.  (prodest  .  .  . 
opprimere)  ;  ben.  2.  I.  3  (melius  est)  ;  epist.  28.  9.  (oportet)  ; 
Pliny  nat.  hist.  6.  96.  (convenit)  ;  nat.  hist.  16.  64.  (ace.  c.  infin.)  ; 
nat.  hist.  17.  68  (convenit)  ;  nat.  hist.  17.  248.  (oportet)  ;  nat. 
hist.  18.  258.;  nat.  hist.  18.  298.  (lex  (est));  nat.  hist.  20.  5.; 
nat.  hist.  22.  95  (conveniat)  ; ""  nat.  hist.  35.  170.  (oportet)  ; 
Quintilian  inst.  3.  9.  8.  (constare  decet)  inst.  4.  i.  22.  (reum 
facere)  ;  inst.  8.  5.  13."  (necesse  est)  ;  decl.  319.  p.  253  (liceat)  ; 
decl.  337.  p.  327. 

(d)  Sentences  in  which  the  Verbal  in  'ndus  occurs  in  the  lead- 
ing sentence.^'' 

®°  From  Brutus  to  Cicero. 

^^  Which  might  also  be  classed  under  the  Ideal  Subjunctive  dependen- 
cies. 

^  Identical  with  Cicero  Ligar.  2,  from  which  it  is  quoted. 

"^  The  use  of  the  Indicative  after  the  Periphrastic  Passive  is  not  uncom- 
mon; in  such  cases  the  element  of  obligation  seems  not  to  have  been  felt 
strongly  enough  to  influence  the  dependent  clause. 


Sentences  of  Present  Time  53 

Lucretius.  3.  391.  Varro.  r.  r.  i.  37.  5.  quaedam  si  bubus  et 
aratro  proscideris,  et  iterandum,  ante  quam  semen  iacias.  Cicero 
de  orat.  2.  186.  sicut  medico  diligenti,  priusquam  conetur  aegro 
adhibere  medicinam,  non  solum  morbus  eius  (cui  mederi 
volet)  sed  etiam  consuetudo  valentis  et  natura  corporis  cog- 
noscendast.  Sallust  cat.  4.  5.  de  cuius  hominis  moribus 
pauca  prius  explananda  sunt,  quam  initium  narrandi  faciam.  Ver- 
gil aen.  3.  384.  ante  et  Trinacria  lentandus  remus  in  unda  et  salis 
Ausonii  lustrandum  navibus  aequor  .  .  .  ,  quam  tuta  possis  urbem 
componere  terra.  Columella  r.  r.  2.  20.  2.  ante  quam  ex  toto 
grana  indurescant,  cum  rubicundum  colorem  traxerunt,  messis 
facienda  est.'"  r.  r.  3.  11.  5.  r.  r.  3.  19.  3.  sed  illud  etiam,  .  .  .  ante 
quam  disputationi  clausulam  imponamus,  dicendum  est.  r.  r.  4. 
8.  I ;  "*  r.  r.  4.  2.y.  i ;  r.  r.  4.  28.  i ;  r.  r.  5.  6.  12.  verno  tempore, 
antequam  librum  demittat,""  decacuminanda  est  iuxta  ramulum; 
r.  r.  5.  9.  9;  r.  r.  7.  3.  17;  r.  r.  8.  5.  17;"'  r.  r.  11.  2.  70.;  Seneca. 
nat.  quaest.  7.  11.  i.  quas  antequam  exponere  incipiam,  illud 
inprimis  praesumendum  est.  Celsus.  2.  10  semperque  ante  finis 
faciendus  est,  quam  anima  deficiat;  3.  4.  ita  si  longius  tempus 
secundum  est,  quam  integerrimo  dandus  est :  si  breve,  etiam  ante- 
quam ex  toto  integer  fiat ;  8.  6 ;  Phaedrus  3.  10.  ergo  explorandast 
Veritas  multum  prius  quam  stulte  prava  iudicet  sententia.  Pliny 
nat.  hist.  17.  76.  ulmorum,  priusquam  foliis  vestiantur,  samara 
colligenda  est;  nat.  hist.  18.  260.  secandum  {est)  antequam  inares- 
cat.  nat.  hist.  36.  109.  Quintilian  inst..  i.  12.  19.  hactenus  ergo 
de  studiis,  quibus,  antequam  maiora  capiat,  puer  instituendus  est. 
inst.  4.  3.  I. ;  inst.  10.  i.  42. 

°'Here  as  elsewhere  the  Subjunctive  may  also  be  due  to  the  "negative 
purpose"  or  to  the  generic  character  of  the  sentence. 

®*  Colum.  r.  r.  4.  8.  i.  has  Indicative ;  "  neque  prius  quam  f rigore  inva- 
dunt,  vitis  ablaqueanda  est." 

''Schneider  here  reads  "demittat,"  Sangermeister  reads  "  demittit," 
which  is  the  reading  given  by  Hey  in  the  article  on  ''antequam''  in  the 
Thesaurus.  The  Subjunctive  is  required  upon  three  separate  counts;  the 
Periphrastic  Passive  in  the  leading  sentence,  the  generic  character  of  the 
sentence,  and  the  possible  "negative  purpose." 

"^When  the  leading  sentence  is  negative  the  Perf.  Subj.  is  found  in  the 
dependent  clause.  Colum.  r.  r.  8.  7.  3.  "  neque  ante.  .  admovenda  est, 
quam apparuerit." 


54  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

(e)   In  Pure  Oratio  Obliqua  dependence. 

Lucretius.  2.  832.  noscere  ut  hinc  possis  prius  omnem  efflare 
colorem  particulas,  quam  discedant  ad  semina  rerum.  Varro.  r.  r. 
2.  I.  18;  Caesar  b.  g.  5.  ^'j.  9.;  b.  g.  7.  78.  i.  Cicero,  de  inv.  2. 
122;  Livy.  32.  20.  6.  nunc  occasionem  esse,  priusquam  quic- 
quam  decernamus.  Columella,  r.  r.  i.  6.  12.;  r.  r.  2.  8.  2.; 
r.  r.  3.  II.  I.;  r.  r.  12.  4.  3.  Pomponius  Mela  2.  97.;  Pliny  nat. 
hist.  4.  38.  memorandum  (^est')  in  septem  lacus  eum  fundi  prius- 
quam dirigat  cursum;  nat.  hist.  6.  124.;  nat.  hist.  7.  191.;  nat. 
hist.  10.  20. ;  nat.  hist.  17.  54. ;  nat.  hist.  17.  75. ;  nat.  hist.  17.  130. ; 
nat.  hist.  17.  139. ;  nat.  hist.  17.  189. ;  nat.  hist.  17.  190. ;  nat.  hist. 
18.  158.;  nat.  hist.  18.  243.;  nat.  hist.  23.  137.;  nat.  hist.  2^.  105 
tradunt  Aegypti  .  .  .  ,  si  quis  huius  herbae  suco  inungatur  mane 
priusquam  loquatur,  non  lippiturum  eo  anno;  nat.  hist.  28.  28.; 
nat.  hist.  30.  64.;  nat.  hist.  30.  65.;  nat.  hist.  37.  121.;  Quintilian 
inst.  I.  10.  I.  nunc  de  ceteris  artibus,  quibus  instituendos,  prius- 
quam rhetori  tradantur  pueros  existimo,  strictim  subiungam ;  inst. 
2.  I.  3.;  inst.  4.  I.  52.;"  inst.  12.  8.  3.;  Pliny  ep.  8.  20.  8. 

SENTENCES  OF  FUTURE  TIME." 

(23)  In  sentences  of  future  time  the  Present  Indicative  is  used 
in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  if  the  leading  (future)  sen- 
tence is  positive;  the  Future  Perfect  Indicative  is  used  in  the 
antequam  (priusquam)  clause  if  the  leading  (future)  sentence  is 
negative."*  This  usage  obtained  from  the  earliest  period  until 
very  late  in  the  first  century  A.  D.^°°    In  Cicero  and  later  writers, 

"Quintil.  inst.  4.  i.  52.  "hoc  adiicio,  ut  dicturus  intueantur  .  .  .  ;  quid 
iudicem  sentire  credibile  sit,  antequam  incipimus;"  the  indicative  in  such 
a  sentence  in  Quintilian  seems  inexplicable  and  suggests  the  strong  prob- 
ability that  we  have  an  erroneous  reading. 

"'Under  this  heading  only  those  sentences  will  be  treated  in  which  the 
leading  sentence  is  future  from  the  present.  Sentences  involving  futures 
from  the  past  will  be  considered  under  sentences  of  past  time. 

"There  are  occasional  exceptions  to  this  rule,  which  will  be  noticed 
as  they  occur  in  the  list  of  examples,  but  the  great  majority  indisputably 
establish  the  rule, 

^'^This  distinction  receives  additional  corroboration  from  the  Oratio 
Obliqua  usage,  in  which  the  Present  and  Imperfect  Subjunctive  are  used 
after  positive  future  leading  sentences,  the  Perfect  and  Pluperfect  after 
negative  future  leading  sentences. 


Sentences  of  Future  Time  55 

however,  the  Present  Subjunctive  occasionally  occurs  in  future 
sentences  similar  to  those  in  which  the  Present  Indicative 
is  regularly  used,  which  attests  the  constantly  increasing  use  of 
the  Subjunctive  with  antequam  (priusquam)  as  the  language  grew 
older,  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made. 

(24)  The  Present  Indicative  (positive  leading  sentence)."* 
Ennius.  incert.  nom.  rel.  II  (Ribbeck  I.  p.  69.)  ad  vos  ad- 
veniens  auxilium  et  vestras  manus  peto,  prius  quam  oppeto  malam 
pestem;  Novius  Exod.  I.  (Ribbeck  II.  p.  312)  pati  dum  poterunt 
antequam  pugae  pilant.  Plautus."'  asin.  232  at  ego  est  etiam 
prius  quam  abis  quod  volo  loqui;  asin.  448.  nunc  adeam  optu- 
munst,  prius  quam  incipit  tinnire;"^  asin.  940  da  savium  etiam 
prius  quam  abi(t)is;^"*  bacch.  382  nunc  prius  quam  malum  istoc 
addis  certumst  iam  dicam  patri;""  bacch.  932  nunc  prius  quam 
hue"*"  senex  venit,  lubet  lamentari;  curcul.  210.  tene  etiam  prius- 
quam hinc  abeo  savium  ;^°*  curcul.  567  reddin  an  non  virginem, 
prius  quam  te  huic  meae  machaerae  obicio;  epid.  270  em,  nunc 
occasiost  faciundi,  prius  quam  in  urbem  adven(er)it;  epid.  615 
quin  tu  mihi  adornas  ad  fugam  viaticum  prius  quam  pereo?; 
menaech.  92b  quid  cessas  dare  potionis  aliquid,  prius  quam  per- 
cipit  insania?;  mere.  10 10  banc  volo  prius  rem  agi  quam  meum 
intro  refero  pedem;^'**'  mil.  1329  licet  complecti,  prius  quam  pro- 
fiscisco?;"^  mil.  1408  obsecro  . . .  ut . .  .  audias,  prius  quam  secat;"^ 

"^The  use  of  the  Future  Perfect  after  positive  leading  sentences,  which 
is  very  raref,  has  been  discussed  in  Part  A.,  and  will  be  taken  up  under  a 
separate  head. 

"^  In  the  undeveloped  syntax  of  Plautus  and  Terence  the  Indicative  is 
used  with  "  prius  quam "  in  many  cases  where  the  Subj  unctive  would  be 
used  by  the  later  writers. 

"^The  Subjunctive  "incipiat"  in  the  later  writers  would  be  used  since 
the  "  prius  quam  "  clause  is  dependent  upon  "  adeam  optumumst." 

^°*  Plautus.  mere.  601  and  pseud.  241,  in  both  of  which  the  imperative 
is  strongly  felt  in  the  dependent  clause,  have  the  Pres.  Subj.  with  "prius 
quam"  after  an  imperative  leading  sentence,  elsewhere  the  Indicative. 

""  See  note  102. 

"^Plautus  amph.  533  and  mere.  167  have  the  Pres.  Subj.  in  the  "prius- 
quam" clause  after  "volo"  and  an  infinitive  in  the  leading  sentence,  but 
in  both  of  them  the  "volition"  can  be  plainly  felt  in  the  "priusquam" 
clause,  while  here  the  volition  is  not  felt  beyond  the  "  rem  agi." 

"^  Cf.  Plautus  ep.  276  ut  enim  praestines  argento,  prius  quam  veniat 
filius. 


56  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

persa  140  numquam  hercle  hodie  hie  prius  (s)edes,  ne  frustra  sis, 
quam  te  hoc  facturum  quod  rogo  adfirmas  mihi ;  "^  poen.  789  sed 
quid  ego  dubito  f ugere  .  .  .  prius  quam  ...  ad  praetorem  trahor ; 
poeri.  121 1  prius  quam  abitis,  vos  volo  ambas  ;  stich.  538  prius  quam 
abis,  praesente  te  huic  apologum  agere  unum  volo;  trinum.  198 
numquid  prius  quam  abeo  me  rogaturu's?;  trinum.  984  properas 
an  non  properas  abire  .  .  .  prius  quam  ego  hie  te  iubeo  mulcari 
male?;  true.  115  heus  manedum  .  .  .  ,  prius  quam  abis.  Terence, 
andr.  311.  omnia  experiri  certumst  prius  quam  pereo;  andr.  556  id 
te  oro  ut  ante  eamus  .  .  .  prius  quam  harum  .  .  .  laerumae  .  .  . 
reddueunt  animum  aegrotum  .  .  .  uxorem  demus ;  ^*^  heaut.  237 
pergin  istue  prius  diiudieare,  quam  seis  quid  veri  siet?;  phorm. 
718  transito  ad  uxorem  meam,  ut  eonveniat  hane  prius  quam 
hine  abit ;  *~  phorm.  897  nune  eonveniundust  Phormio,  prius  quam 
dilapidat  nostras  triginta  minas  ut  auferamus  ;^  phorm.  1036  enim 
vero  prius  quam  haee  dat  veniam,  mihi  prospieiam ;  phorm.  1037 
heus  Nausistrata,  prius  quam  huic  respondes  temere,  audi.""  Lucil- 
ius.  sat.  4.  129  in  os  prius  aceipiam  ipse  quam  gladium  in  stomacho 
furiae  ac  pulmonibus  sisto.  Cicero,  fam.  7.  14.  i.  dabo  operam, 
ut  istuc  veniam,  antequam  plane  ex  animo  tuo  effluo;^"  fam.  11. 
27.  I.  de  qua  priusquam  respondeo,  pauca  proponam ;  att.  10.  15-4 
si  quemquam  nanctus  eris,  qui  perferat,  litteras  des,  antequam 
discedimus ;  "^  att.  12.  37.  2;  att.  14.  22.  i.  cupio  enim,  antequam 
Roman  venio,  odorari  .  .  .  ; "'  att.  16.  2.  6.  tu  .  .  .  feceris  mihi 
gratum,  si  ante  eo  veneris,  quam  mihi  in  Italiam  te  auctore 
veniendum  est;  att.  16.  5.  3  etenim  circumspice,  sed  antequam 
erubesco ;  "*  verr.  2.  2.  2.  atque  antequam  de  incommodis  Siciliae 

^"^An  example  of  the  Pres.  Indie,  with  negative  leading  sentence;  collo- 
quial and  very  rare. 

^•^Like  Plautus  Mil.  1408;  cf.  Terence,  eun.  751  "cave,  ne  prius  quam 
a  me  accipias  amittas." 

""Indicative  used  here  as  in  Plautus  although  the  imperative  seems  to 
be  felt  in  the  "  priusquam  "  clause. 

"^This  Indicative  dependent  upon  a  purpose  clause  must  be  explained 
as  colloquial  license. 

"'^The  explanation  of  this  Indicative  after  an  imperative  (Subjunctive) 
may  be  that  the  subj  unctive  "  des  "  is  felt  more  as  a  future  than  as  an 
imperative. 

"^  The  volition  in  "  cupio  "  is  not  felt  in  the  dependent  clause. 

"*The  Subjunctive  might  be  expected  here;  the  imperative  is  felt  in  the 
dependent  clause. 


Sentences  of  Future  Time  57 

dico,  pauca  mihi  videntur  esse  .  .  .  dicenda ;  "'^  flacc.  6 ;  cat.  4.  20. 
antequam  ad  sententiam  redeo,  de  me  pauca  dicam;  cluent.  8 
tametsi  permulta  sunt  quae  mihi,  antequam  de  causa  dico,  de  .  .  . 
periculis  dicenda  esse  videantur,  tamen  .  .  .  aggrediar  ad  cri- 
men,"" cluent.  117  qua  de  re  antequam  dicere  incipio,  perpauca 
mihi  ...  verba  faciunda  sunt ;  mil.  7  sed  antequam  ad  earn 
orationem  venio  .  .  .  ,  videntur  ea  esse  refutanda  quae  .  .  .  ; 
muraen.  2  antequam  pro  L.  Muraena  dicere  instituo,  pro  me  ipso 
pauca  dicam;  caec.  24  itaque  mihi  certum  est,  .  .  .  antequam  ad 
meam  defensionem  .  .  .  venio,  illius  uti  confessione;  scaur.  21 
quod  ego  crimen  antequam  attingo,  peto  a  vobis  .  .  .  ut  .  .  .  ; 
deiot.  7  sed  ante  quam  de  accusatione  ipsa  dico,  de  accusatorum 
spe  pauca  dicam;  phil.  i.  11.  priusquam  de  re  publica  dicere 
incipio,  pauca  querar;  phil.  2.  3  cui  priusquam  de  ceteris  rebus 
respondeo,  de  amicitia  .  .  .  pauca  dicam;  de  inv.  i.  5.  sed  ante- 
quam de  praeceptis  .  .  .  dicimus,  videtur  dicendum  de  genere 
ipsius  artis ;  tusc.  2.  38  ad  vos  adveniens  auxilium  peto  .  .  .  prius 
quam  oppeto  malam  pestem;"^  tusc.  4.  48.;"*  re  pub.  i.  15.  vide- 
amus,  ante  quam  veniunt  alii,  quidnam  sit;"'  de  orat.  3.  25.  sed 
priusquam  ilia  conor  attingere  .  .  .  ,  proponam  breviter  quid 
sentiam ;  Sallust.  iug.  5.3.  sed  prius  quam  .  .  .  initium  expedio, 
pauca  supra  repetam.  Vergil,  georg.  i.  50.  at  prius  ignotum 
ferro  quam  scindimus  aequor,  ventos  et  varium  caeli  praediscere 
morem  cura  sit.^^"  Nepos.  epam.  i.  i.  de  hoc  priusquam  scribi- 
mus,  haec  praecipienda  videntur  lectoribus.  Livy  2.  40.  5.  sine, 
priusquam  conplexum  accipio,  sciam ;  ^^°  22.  49.  10.  urbem  Roman- 
am  muniant  ac,  priusquam  victor  hostis  advenit,  praesidiis  fir- 
ment ;  ^^^  22.  50.  8.  sed  antequam  opprimit  lux  maioraque  hostium 
agmina    obsaepiunt    iter,    per    hos  .  .  .  erumpamus;    25.    6.    6. 

""This  is  not  an  exception  to  the  rule  given  as  to  clauses  dependent 
upon  the  Passive  Periphrastic  Participle ;  the  obligation  in  "  dicenda " 
is  not  felt  in  the  dependent  clause. 

"^  The  "  obligation  "  in  "  dicenda  "  in  this  example  seems  necessarily  to 
be  felt  in  the  "antequam''  clause  which  would  require  the  Subjunctive; 
but  as  has  been  mentioned  many  instances  of  the  Periphrastic  Passive 
occur  in  which  the  influence  of  the  element  of  "  obligation "  upon  the 
dependent  clause  is  neglected. 

"^  Ennius.  incert.  nom.  rel.  Ill  (Ribbeck  I.  p.  60)  quoted  above. 

"®  Lucilius.  sat.  4.  129  quoted  above. 

"imperative  not  felt  in  dependent  clause. 

^^  The  influence  of  the  imperative  is  neglected. 


58  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

sine,  quaeso,  priusquam  de  condicione  .  .  .  queror,  noxam,  cuius 
arguimur,  nos  purgare;  Columella,  de  arbor  ii.  2.;  Celsus.  2. 
prooem.  sed  antequam  dico  .  .  .  non  alienum  videtur  exponere; 
7.  7.  13.  de  qua  antequam  dico,  paucis  ipsius  oculi  natura  indicanda 
est.  Seneca  ep.  58.  34  et  fortasse  paulo  ante  quam  debet,  facien- 
dum est;  ep.  117.  4.  quid  .  .  .  respondeatur,  audi,  antequam 
ego  incipio  secedere  et  in  alia  parte  considere;  ep.  123.  2.  ideo 
non  est  ante  edendum  quam  ilia  imperat ;  ^  Pliny  nat.  hist.  4.  93 
non  est  omittenda  multorum  opinio,  priusquam  digredimur  a 
Ponto;  Quintilian  inst.  2.  10.  i.  quarum  antequam  viam  ingredior, 
pauca  mihi  .  .  .  dicenda  sunt;  inst.  3.  6.  i.  prius  quam  dicere 
aggredior  . . . ,  intuendum  puto ;  inst.  5.  8.  4 ;  inst.  9.  i.  22  sed  ante- 
quam, quae  .  .  .  figura  conveniat,  ostendo,  dicendum  est  .  .  .  esse 
multas  .  .  .  ;  decl.  259.  p.  55  itaque  priusquam  defensionem  adgre- 
dimur,  in  hoc  satisfaciemus  animo  nostro ;  decl.  273  (sermo)  p.  117 
priusquam  venimus  ad  causam,  praeparare  debebimus  animum 
iudicis ;  decl.  279  p.  136  priusquam  venio  ad  aestimationem  criminis 
.  .  .  ,  necesse  habeo  id  dicere. ;  decl.  289  p.  156  antequam.  dico,  quo 
crimine  reus  sim,  dicendum  est.;  decl.  297  p.  174  antequam 
comparo,  illud  interrogare  volo;  decl.  317  p.  247  sed  antequam 
naturam  defendo  .  .  .  volo  defendere  dignitatem;  decl.  319.  p. 
252. 

(25)  Present  Subjunctive  (positive  leading  sentence). — The 

use  of  the  Present  Subjunctive  in  the  antequam  {priusquam) 
clause  in  similar  sentences  is  rare, 

Lucretius  5.  no  qua  prius  adgrediar  quam  de  re  fundere  fata 
.  .  .  multa  tibi  expediam  doctis  solacia  dictis;  Cicero,  leg.  agr. 
2.  53.  is  videlicet,  antequam  veniat  in  Pontum,  litteras  ad  Gn. 
Pompeium  mittet;^  phil.  i.  i.  antequam  de  re  publica  .  .  .  dicam 
.  .  .  ,  exponam  vobis  .  .  .  consilium;  de  nat.  deo.  i.  57  sed  ante 
quam  aggrediar  ad  ea,  .  .  .  de  te  ipso  dicam  quid  sentiam. 
Ovid.  fast.  4.  387  ante  tamen,  quam  summa  dies  spectacula  sistat, 
ensifer  Orion  aequore  mersus  erit;  Propertius  3.  19  quam  multae 
ante  meis  cedent  sermonibus  horae,  dulcia  quam  nobis  concitet 

^^One  of  the  very  infrequent  instances  of  the  Pres.  Indie,  after  a  nega- 
tive future  leading  sentence. 

^This  sentence,  as  has  already  been  mentioned,  ought,  perhaps,  more 
properly  to  be  referred  to  the  "prospective"  Subjunctive. 


Sentences  of  Future  Time  59 

arma  Venus.  Vitruvius.  de  arch.  2.  praef.  5.;  de  arch  2.  9.  i.; 
Columella,  r.  r.  3.  3.  i.  nunc  prius  quam  de  satione  vitium  dis- 
seram,  non  alienum  puto  .  .  .  iacere  .  .  .  ,  r.  r.  5.  11.  15.  at  prius 
quam  finem  libri  faciamus,  .  .  .,  de  cytiso  dicere  nunc  tempes- 
tivum  est;  Petronius  sat.  iii.;  Seneca,  ep.  79.  12.  erit  autem 
illic  etiam  antequam  hac  custodia  exsolvatur,  cum  vitia  disiecerit ; 
Pliny,  nat.  hist.  13.  68.;  Suetonius,  iul.  44.  de  qua  prius  quam 
dicam  .  .  .  non  ahenum  erit  summatim  exponere.^"^^ 

(26)  Future  Perfect  Indicative  ""*  (negative  leading  sen- 
tence). 

Pacuvius.  teuc.  X.  (Ribbeck  I.  p.  136)  haud  sinam  quidquam 
profari  prius  quam  accepso  quod  peto;  Plautus.  bacch.  920  quos 
non  dabo  temere  etiam,  prius  quam  filium  convenero ;  ep  69  prius 
se  convenire  non  volt  neque  conspicari,  quam  id  argentum  .  .  . 
dinumeraverit ;  epid.  121  (quem)  . .  .  irrigatum  plagis  pistori  dabo, 
nisi  hodie  prius  comparassit  .  .  .  minas,  quam  argenti  fuero  elo- 
cutus  ei  postremam  syllabam;  ep.  304  ne  abitas,  prius  quam  ego 
ad  te  venero;  mere.  862  non  concedam  .  .  .  prius  profecto  quam 
aut  amicam  aut  mortem  investigavero ;  mil.  214  numquam  hodie 
quiescet  prius  quam  id  quod  petit  perf ecerit  ;^^''  persa  218  numquam 
ecastor  hodie  scibis  prius  quam  (ego)  ex  te  audivero;  Terence, 
phorm.  1044  neque  promitto  quicquam  neque  respondeo  prius 
quam  gnatum  videro;  Cato.  agr.  cult.   161.  2.  deinde  ne  ante 

"'Cicero,  att.  2.  22.  5.  "unum  illud  tibi  persuadeas  velim,  omnia  mihi 
fore  explicata,  si  te  videro ;  sed  totum  est  in  eo,  si  ante,  quam  ineat  magis- 
tratum ; "  si  ante  quam  tile  ineat  magistratum  may  be  equal  to  si  te 
videam  ante,  quam  ifle  ineat  magistratum,  in  which  case  the  Subjunctive 
ineat  is  required  by  its  dependence  upon  an  Ideal  Protasis.  Or,  if 
it  is  equivalent  to  si  te  videho  ante,  quam  ille  ineat  magistratum,  the 
subjunctive  ineat  may  be  accounted  for  because  of  the  underlying  idea 
of  necessity  and  exhortation  felt  in  the  antequam  clause. 

Quintilian  decl.  339  p.  338  "  priusquam  causas  rogationis  meae  perse- 
quar,  .  .  .  succurrit  mihi  laudare  vos,"  ought  not,  perhaps  to  be  referred 
to  future  sentences.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  because  of  the  dependence 
upon  the  infinitive. 

"*The  fact  that  "ante  quam"  with  a  negative  leading  sentence  was 
equivalent  to  and  might  be  substituted  by  "  donee,"  explains  the  fact  that 
the  examples  in  this  category  are  fewer  than  in  that  of  positive  leading 
sentences. 

"®  Plautus  mil.  1095  "nam  nullo  pacto  potest  prius  haec  in  aedis  recipi 
quam  illam  amiserim;"  no  mss.  authority  for  an  Indicative  which  is  to  be 
expected.  Editors  make  no  comment.  Explanation  of  the  Subjunctive  is 
difficult. 


6o  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

sarueris,  quam  asparagus  natus  erit;""  Lucilius.  sat.  29.  612 
prius  non  tollas  quam  animum  ex  homine  atque  hominem  ipsum 
interfeceris ;  ^^  Varro  r.  r.  2.  i.  i.  nos  te  non  dimittemus,  inquit, 
antequam  tria  ilia  explicaris ;  r.  r.  2.  8.  i .  vos  ante  ire  non  patiar  ante 
quam  mihi  reddideritis  .  .  .  ;  Cicero,  fam.  3.  5.  4.  nihil  sum  ante 
mandaturus  .  .  .  quam  desperaro  coram  me  tecum  agero  posse; 
fam.  8.  10.  I.  (Caelius).  neque  prius  desinam  formidare,  quam 
tetigisse  te  Italiam  audiero ;  fam.  10.  20.  2  nee  tanien  erimus  (cura 
liberati)  prius,  quam  ita  esse  tu  nos  feceris  certiores;  fam.  16. 
14.  I.  quae  ante,  quam  te  videro,  attingere  non  possum;  fam. 
16.  23.  2.  scribamque  ad  eum,  sed  non  ante,  quam  te  videro ;  att." 
5.  14.  I.  antequam  aliquo  loco  consedero,  neque  longas  .  .  .  , 
neque  .  .  .  mea  manu  litteras  exspectabis ;  att.  7.  5.  5.  nee  (quid) 
prius  (sentiam)  quidem,  quam  nostrum  negotium  .  .  .  confeceri- 
mus ;  att.  8.  3.  5.  qui  autem  locus  erit  nobis  tutus  .  .  .  antequam 
ad  ilium  venerimus  ?  ^""^  att.  14.  19.  6.  quod  autem  laudas  me, 
quod  nihil  ante  .  .  .  constituam,  quam,  ista  quo  evasura  sint, 
videro,  muto  sententiarn.  neque  quicquam  tamen  (constituam) 
ante,  quam  te  videro.  att.  16.  15.  6.  sed  certi  constituere  nihil 
possum,  prius  quam  te  videro;  flacc.  51  nihil  tamen  contra  dis- 
putabo,  priusquam  dixerit;  caec.  81.  tu  me  ad  verbum  vocas ;  non 
ante  veniam,  quam  recusaro ;  phil.  7.  8.  oro  ,  .  .  ut  .  .  .  accipiatis 
.  .  .  quod  dixero,  neve  id,  priusquam,  quale  sit,  explicaro,  repu- 
dietis;^  fin.  2.  119.  nee  ante  aggrediar  quam  te  ab  istis,  quos 
dicis,  instructum  videro;  leg.  i.  3.  respondebo  tibi  equidem,  sed 
non  ante  quam  mihi  tu  ipse  responderis;  cato  18.  de  qua 
vereri  non  ante  desinam,  quam  illam  excisam  esse  cognovero; 
timae.  45.  neque  terminum  malorum  prius  aspiciet,  quam  illam 
sequi  coeperit  conversionem ;  de  orat.  3.  145  profecto  numquam 
conquiescam  .  .  .  ante,  quam  .  .  .  vias  rationesque  .  .  .  perce- 
pero.  Livy  5.  4.  10.  perficietur  autem,  ...  si  non  ante  absce- 
dimus  quam  spei  nostrae  finem  .  .  .  imposuerimus ;  5.  53.  3.  nee 

*^  Subjunctive  might  be  expected  here  in  later  syntax  because  of  impera- 
tive leading  sentence. 

*"  "  Interfeceris  "  here  may  be  subjunctive. 

"" "  Qui  locus  erit  tutus?  "  =  "  nullus  locus  erit  tutus," 

*^It  is  rather  surprising  to  find  the  Indicative  "explicaro"  here  since 
it  is  clearly  dependent  upon  a  clause  of  purpose;  the  verb's  being  in  the 
first  person,  however,  is  significant. 


Sentences  of  Future  Time  6i 

id  mirati  sitis,  priusquam  quale  sit  audieritis ;  ^'^  9.  8.  7.  exercitum 
.  .  .  educere  placet,  nee  prius  ingredi  .  .  .  fines,  quam  omnia  .  .  . 
perfecta  erunt;  22.  3.  10.  nee  ante  nos  hinc  moverimus,  quam,  .  .  . 
C.  Flamimum  ab  Arretio  patres  acciverint;  23.  12.  10.  respondeo 
.  .  .  non  paenitere  me  .  .  .  neque  desiturum  ante  .  .  .  incusare, 
quam  finitum  .  .  .  bellum  videro;"'  29.  18.  15.  nee  ante  desinet 
.  .  .  eos  agitare  .  .  .  ,  quam  reposita  sacra  pecunia  .  .  .  fuerit; 
44.  39.  9.  novom  iter  aperui  neque  prius,  quam  debellavero,  ab- 
sistam;  Columella  r.  r.  2.  11.  4.  non  ante  sunt  attingendae  segetes, 
.  .  .  ,  quam  cum  sata  sulcos  contexerint ; '''  Calpurnius  Siculus. 
eclog.  5.  24.  Seneca,  ep.  20.  6.  2.  nee  ante  edam  quam  aut  bonum 
panem  habere  coepero  aut  malum  fastidire  desiero ;  Quintilian  inst. 
10.  7.  5.  neque  enim  prius  contingere  cursus  potest  quam  scierimus, 
quo  .  .  .  ;  decl.  366.  p.  400.  non  ante  exul  erit  utique,  quam 
scierit  se  esse  exulem."' 

(27)  The  use  of  the  Future  Perfect  Indicative  with  ante  quam 
{priusquam)  in  positive  sentences  is  very  rare,  the  reasons  for 
which  have  been  discussed  in  Part  A.  The  only  logical  use 
of  it  must  be  in  sentences  in  which  the  action  of  the  dependent 
verb  is  interrupted  while  in  progress  by  the  action  of  the  leading 

"""Audieritis"  may  here  be  Perfect  Subjunctive  because  of  the  impera- 
tive leading  verb. 

"1 "  Videro  " ;  we  here  have  an  even  more  striking  case  of  the  use  of  the 
Indicative  in  Oratio  Obliqua  than  in  Cicero  phil.  7.. 8.  commented  upon 
above;  here,  too,  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  verb  is  in  the  first  person. 

"^  The  dependent  verb  may  be  the  Perfect  Subj  unctive. 

^^Five  examples  occur  of  the  Present  Subjunctive  with  negative 
(future)  leading  sentences. 

Catullus  64.  188  "non  tamen  ante  mihi  languescent  lumina  morte,  nee 
prius  a  fesso  secedent  corpore  sensus,  quam  iustam  a  divis  exposcam  pro- 
dita  mulctam,"  in  which  "  volition  "  may  be  found. 

Vergil  aen.  3.  255  "  sed  non  ante  datam  cingeftis  moenibus  urbem,  quam 
vos  dira  fames  .  .  .  subigat  .  .  .  absumere  mensas."  The  prophecy  here 
has  almost  the  force  of  a  command. 

Seneca,  med.  297  "  capite  supplicium  lues  clarum  priusquam  Phoebus 
attollat  diem,  nisi  cedis  Isthmo ;  "  the  implied  imperative  may  have  been 
felt  in  the  "  priusquam  "  clause. 

Statins  theb.  6.  786  "  non  prius,  effracto  quam  misceat  ora  cerebro, 
absistet,  video,  moriturum  auferte  Lacona." 

Juvenal  sat.  5.  14.  147  "  iumenta  ad  virides  huius  mittentur  aristas,  nee 
prius  inde  domum  quam  tota  novalia  saevos  in  ventres  abeant." 


62  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

verb;  in  other  cases  it  is  merely  an  emphatic  future,  without  the 
significance  of  a  future  perfect. 

Plautus  poen.  908  quin  prius  disperibit  faxo,  quam  unam 
calcem  civerit ;  Terence  heaut.  584  actumst :  hie  prius  se  indicarit 
quam  ego  argentum  effecero;  Cicero,  flacc.  23.  prius  quam  hoc 
"  te  rogo  "  dixeris/"  plura  etiam  effundet,  quam  .  .  .  ;  milo  99 
praeclare  enim  vixero,  si  quid  mihi  acciderit,  priusquam  hoc 
tantum  maH  videro ;  ^^  phil.  11.  24.  ante  provinciam  sibi  decretam 
audiet,  quam  potuerit^^"  tempus  ei  rei  datum  suspicari;  Seneca. 
dial.  6.  II.  I.  urgebunt  nova  incommoda,  priusquam  veteribus 
satisfeceris ;  ep.  98.  5.  sic  autem  componetur,  si,  quid  human- 
arum  rerum  varietas  possit,  cogitaverit,  antequam  senserit."^ 

(28)  The  use  of  the  Future  Indicative  with  antequam 
(priusquam)  is  rare  (the  reason  for  which  has  been  discussed  in 
Part  A) ,  but  not  so  rare  as  generally  has  been  imagined."^ 

Plautus.  bacch.  100  prius  hie  adero,  quam  te  amare  desinam ; "' 
capt.  831  aperite  hasce  ambas  fores,  prius  quam  pultando  (vel) 

"*"  Prius  quam  .  .  .  dixeris  "  here  has  the  significance  "before  you  get 
the  words  out  of  your  mouth." 

"°One  expects  here  either  the  Present  or  Perfect  Subjunctive  since  the 
accomplishment  of  the  leading  verb  "  acciderit "  prevents  the  accomplish- 
ment of  the  dependent  verb. 

^^"Riemann  (Gram.  comp.  255.  p.  270)  "Le  futur  anterieur,  surtout 
dans  la  langage  familier,  a  parfois  un  sens  si  efface  qu'il  pourrait  etre 
remplace  par  le  futur  simple.  II  est  hors  de  doute  que  la  languc  latine  a 
pour  le  futur  anterieur  une  certaine  predilection.  On  trouve  chez  Ciceron 
lui-meme  potuero,  voluero,  Ucuerit,  placuerit,  la  ou  Ton  attendrait  le  futur 
simple." 

"^  Cicero  de  inv.  2.  122  "  si  filius  ante  moritur,  quam  in  tutelam  suam 
venerit,  tum  mihi  ille  heres  esto."  "venerit"  Perf.  Subj.;  action  of  leading 
verb  (moritur)  prevents  the  accomplishment  of  action  of  dependent  verb. 
Pres.  Subj.  expected  here.  Cicero,  tusc.  2.  44-  "contemno  magnitudinem 
doloris,  a  qua  me  brevitas  temporis  vindicabit  ante  paene,  quam  venerit;" 
of  which  the  same  thing  is  true  as  of  de  inv.  2.  122. 

"*  Hand  Tursellin.  vol.  I.  p.  397  "  Futuri  simplicis  nullum  notatum  ex- 
emplum  habeo."  vol.  IV.  p.  571  "  Futurum  simplex,  quod  grammatici  fere 
omnes  observasse  sibi  videntur,  nusquam  obvenit."  Draeger  II.  512 
"  Ausgeschlossen  ist  bei  Klassikern  und  Spateren  der  Gebrauch  des  ersten 
Futurums." 

^^*" Desinam"  from  its  form  may  be  Present  Subjunctive;  but  the  Pre- 
sent Subjunctive  in  this  sentence  would  be  more  at  variance  with  the  use  of 
Plautus  than  the  Future  Indicative. 


Sentences  of  Future  Time  63 

assulatim  foribus  exitium  dabo;  pseud.  524.  prius  quam  istam 
pugnam  pugnabo,  ego  etiam  prius  dabo  aliam  pugnam  claram  et 
commemorabilem ;  pseud.  885  quaeso  hercle,  prius  quam  quoiquam 
convivae  dabis,  gustato  tute  prius  et  discipulis  dato;  stichus  197 
quae  loquitur  auscultabo,  prius  quam  conloquar.""  Varro.  1.  1.  10. 
58  prius  id  corrigemus  quam  inde  ordiemur.  Cicero,  att.  13.  48.  2* 
is  igitur  si  accierit,  accurram;  si  mimts,  non  antequam  necesse 
erit;  parad.  45  hoc  proposito  numquam  eris  dives  ante,  quam  tibi 
ex  tuis  possessionibus,  tantum  reficietur/*^  ut  .  .  .  Vitruvius  de 
arch.  5.  2.  2.  cum  autem  coronis  praecincti  parietes  erunt,  vox 
ab  imis,  morata  priusquam  in  aera  elata  dissipabitur,  auribus  erit 
intellecta.  Seneca,  controv.  exc.  6.  8.  narra  Lucretiam,  de  illius 
morte  scribe  antequam  iurabis  de  tua;^*^  Columella  r.  r.  2.  15.  i. 
non  antea  dissipet  cumulos,  quam  erit  araturus ;  ""^  Seneca  ep.  104. 
21.  alter  te  docebit  mori,  si  necesse  erit,  alter,  antequam  necesse 
erit ;  Quintilian  inst.  4.  3.  6.  criminum  invidia  pro  reo  est,  prius- 
quam probabitur.^** 

(29)  The  Subjunctive  is  used  in  Future  sentences  with 
antequam  (priusquam)  in  the  same  cases  as  were  enunciated 
for  Present  sentences. 

""  Ambrosianus,  conloquor. 

^^  Miiller  and  Orelli-Baiter-Halm  read  "  refici^tur ;  "  Vindobonensis,^ 
editio  Orelliana,  and  Klotz  read  "reficiatur." 

"^This  is  very  near  the  modal  use  of  the  future  observed  in  Cato  and 
Columella,  vid.  note  141. 

^*^  Cato  and  Columella  afford  several  examples  of  the  Future  Indicative 
in  the  "antequam  (priusquam)"  clause,  in  sentences  exactly  similar  to 
those  in  which  they  usually  use  the  Present  Subjunctive.  The  examples 
in  Columella  are  probably  taken  from  Cato  or  some  other  early  source. 

Cato  agr.  cult.  72.  i.  boves  ne  pedes  subterant,  priusquam  in  viam  quo- 
quam  ages,  pice  liquida  unguito;  agr.  cult.  134.  i.  priusquam  messim  fades, 
porcam  praecidaneam  hoc  modo  fieri  oportet;  agr.  cult.  134.  i.  ture  vino 
lano  lovi  lunoni  praefato,  priusquam  porcum  feminam  immolahis;  Colu- 
mella r.  r.  5.  10.  2.  ante  annum,  quam  seminare  voles,  scrobem  fodito; 
r.  r.  12.  33.  I.  primum  ante  dies  quadraginta  quam  vinum  voles  vindemiare, 
scillam  legito ;  de  arbor  12.  i.  et  cum  iam  maturescet,  ante  meridiem,  prius- 
quam calere  incipiet  (fodito)  ;  de  arbor,  19.  i.  ante  annum  quam  pomaria 
disponere  voles,  scrobes  fodito;  (repetition  of  5.  lO.  2). 

These  examples  are  especially  interesting  because  of  the  light  they  may 
shed  upon  the  probable  relation  originally  existing  between  the  Future 
and  the  Subjunctive. 

^^  Probably  part  of  an  old  legal  phrase. 


64  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

(a)  Sentences  of  "  volition  "  : 

Plautus.  men.  845  ibo,  adducam  qui  hunc  hinc  tollant  et  domi 
devincant,  prius  quam  turbarum  quid  faciat  amplius;  mere.  559 
sed  hunc  vicinum  prius  conveniam  quam  domum  redeam.  Cicero 
acad.  2.  94;  Horace,  od.  3.  27.  7.  ego  cui  timebo  .  .  .  antequam 
stantis  repetat  paludes  imbrium  divina  avis  inminentum  oscinem 
corvum  prece  suscitabo;  Quintilian  inst.  12.  11.  4.  quare  antequam 
in  has  aetatis  veniat  insidias,  receptui  canet  et  in  portum  integra 
nave  perveniet;  Tacitus,  dial.  5.  i.  antequam  me  iudicem  Aper 
recuset,  faciam  quod  .  .  .  indices  solent. 

(b)  Sentences  in  which  "  antequam  {priusquam)  equals  "  ante- 
quam (priusquam)  ut  "  too  soon  for  "  : 

Columella,  r.  r.  4.  22.  7.  at  quae  summa  parte  terrae  vix  adhae- 
rebunt,  et  deficient  ante  quam  convalescant ;  Gratius.  cyneg.  396 ; 
Martial.  2.  i.  te  conviva  leget  mixto  quincunce,  sed  ante  incipiat 
positus  quam  tepuisse  calix.  Quintilian.  decl.  335.  p.  321  ego 
etiam  si  nolo  mori,  moriar  antequam  adulterum  inveniam. 

(c)  Sentences  in  which  "  antequam  (priusquam)  equals  "  ante- 
quam upon  "  oportet  "  &c. : 

Celsus  5.  19.  12.  scire  oportebit,  antequam  expendatur;  Colum- 
ella r.  r.  2.  5.  I.  prius  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  terram  iteremus,  stercorare 
conveniet;  r.  r.  4.  29.  9  illigari  tameri  eum  prius,  quam  vitis 
findatur,  conveniet;  r.  r.  5.  9.  9.  quae  antequam  deponatur,  opor- 
tebit solum  .  .  .  imum  fodere;  r.  r.  12.  7.  i.  et  reponi  oportebit .  . . 
antequam  de  folliculo  exeat;  r.  r.  12.  19.  6.  oportebit  .  .  .  ante- 
quam mustum  in  vasa  .  .  .  coniciatur,  oleo  bono  .  .  .  imbui;  de 
arbor.  25.  2  ante  quam  frigus  cacumina  adurat,  omnia  folia  decer- 
pere  expediet. 

(30)  Figura  aduvdroo.  Nearly  related  to  the  sentence  in  which 
antequam  (priusquam)  is  equivalent  to  "  potius  quam "  is  the 
so-called  "  figura  dduvdrou "  which  is  a  strong  negation  of  the 
action  of  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause;  confined  chiefly  to 
the  poets.  The  Future  Indicative  (or  some  other  future  form) 
occurs  in  the  leading  sentence,  the  Present  Subjunctive  in  the 
dependent  clause. 

Cicero,  phil.  13.  49  *  prius  undis  flamma,'  ut  ait  poeta  .  .  .,  prius 
denique  omnia  quam  .  .  .  Antonii  redeant  in  gratiam ; ""  Vergil. 

"^Not  a  good  example,  having  more  of  the  character  of  the  strict 
"  potius  quam  "  sentence  than  of  the  "  figura  dduvdrou. " 


Sentences  of  Future  Time  65 

eclog.  I.  60.  ante  leves  ergo  pascentur  in  aequore  cervi,  .  .  .  quam 
nostro  illius  labatur  pectore  voltus ;  Dirae  98.  dulcia  amara  prius 
fient  et  mollia  dura  .  .  .  quam  tua  de  nostris  emigret  cura  me- 
dullis ;  Laus  Pisonis  209  sed  prius  emenso  Titan  vergetur  Olympo, 
quam  mea  tot  laudes  decurrere  carmina  possint;  Ovid,  metam. 
13.  324.  ante  retro  Simois  fluet  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  Aiacis  stolidi 
Danais  sollertia  prosit;  metam.  14.  37.  prius  ...  in  aequore 
frondes  .  .  .  nascentur  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  nostri  mutentur  amores; 
metam.  15.  418;  trist.  i.  5.  11.;  ep.  ex  pont.  i.  6.  51 ;  ep.  ex  pont. 
2.  II.  5.;  ep.  ex  pont.  2.  11.  7.;  ep.  ex  pont.  4.  5.  41  (O.  O.)  ; 
ep.  ex  pont.  4.  6.  45;  Propertius.  eleg.  i.  15.  29  muta  prius 
vasto  labentur  lumina  ponto  .  .  .  quam  tua  sub  nostro  mutetur 
pectore  cura;  Horace  od.  i.  33.  7.  sed  prius  Appulis  iungen- 
tur  capreae  lupis,  quam  turpi  Pholoe  peccet  adultero;  epod.  5. 
79;  Licentius.  carm.  ad.  aug.  99  ante  dabunt  imbres  Nilum, 
super  aequora  dammae  errabunt  .  .  .  quam  mihi  post  tergum 
veniant  tua  dona;  Seneca,  here.  oct.  338  ante  ab  occasu  dies 
nascetur  .  .  .  quam  me  relictam  thessalae  adspiciant  nurus; 
here.  oet.  1588;  phaedr.  578;  Manilius.  astron.  i.  805  ac 
prius  incipiam  stellis  quam  reddere  vires  signorumque  canam 
fatalia  carmine  iura;'"  Statius.  achil.  i.  657  in  tumidas  ibunt 
haec  versa  procellas  moenia,  quam  saevo  mea  tu  conubia  pendas 
funere;  Silius  Italicus.  pun.  17.  609.  decedesque  prius  regnis, 
quam  nomina  gentes  aut  facta  Hannibalis  sileant;  Quintilian. 
decl.  354.  p.  385  mater  ait  "  morietur  antequam  nubat."  "* 

(31)  The  Present  and  Perfect  Subjunctive  in  Oratio 
Obliqua. — The  use  after  primary  tenses  of  the  Present  Subjunc- 
tive as  a  future  in  Oratio  ObHqua  after  a  positive  governing  verb 
and  of  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  as  a  Future  Exactum  after  a  nega- 
tive governing  verb  is  confirmatory  of  the  rule  given  as  to  positive 
and  negative  future  sentences. 

(a)   Present  Subjunctive  in  Oratio  Obliqua  future  sentences: 

Plautus  true.  901  manus  vetat  prius  quam  penes  sese  habeat 
quicquam  credere;  Terrence.  heaut.  478.  si.  .  .  .  intellexerit, 
prius  proditurum  te  .  .  .  vitam  .  .  .  quam  abs  te  amittas 
filium ; ""  Lucretius  5.  390.  et  siccare  prius  confidunt  omnia  posse 

146  ((  pj.jyg  quam  "  here  is  nearly  "  potius  quam." 


66  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

quam  liquor  incepti  possit  contingere  finem ;  Cicero,  fam.  lo.  21.  6. 
(Plancus)  ;  att.  13.  42.  i.;  balb.  18  ac  priusquam  aggrediar  ad 
ius  .  .  .  ,  quiddam  de  communi  condicione  .  .  .  commemoran- 
dum  videtur;"'  de  orat.  2.  80;  de  orat.  2.  179;  Caesar,  b.  g. 
5.  27.  9;  b.  g.  5.  56.  5  pronuntiat  se  .  .  .  agros  populaturum  ac, 
priusquam  id  faciat,  castra  Labieni  oppugnaturum ;  b.  g.  7.  i.  6. ; 
b.  g-  7-  71-  !•;  Ovid  metam.  11.  451.;  Livy.  i.  23.  5.;  3.  52.  2. 
adfirmante  Duillio  non  prius,  quam  deseri  urbem  videant,  curam 
.  .  .  descensuram;  3.  70.  11.;  5.  15.  11.;  6.  5.  4.;  24.  49.  3.;  26. 
26.  7.  {die ens)  ubi  quidem  conlega  venisset,  non  passurum  quic- 
quam  prius  agi,  quam  ut  Siculi  in  senatum  introducantur ;  ^**  27.  9. 
4.;  2y.  9.  5.;  2y.  41.  10.;  2y.  46.  9.;  28.  32.  10.;  31.  11.  16  itaque 
pacem  illi  prius  petendam  .  .  .  esse,  quam  ut  rex  sociusque  et 
amicus  appelletur ;  Columella,  r.  r.  4.  26.  2.  •  r.  r.  6.  26.  2. ;  Seneca 
dial.  12.  5.  3. ;  benef.  2.  2.  2. ;  epist.  102.  4. ;  Pliny  nat.  hist.  25.  145  ; 
Quintilian  decl.  254.  p,  41.;  Tacitus,  hist.  i.  4.  i.  ceterum  ante- 
quam destinata  componam,  repetendum  videtur,  qualis  status 
urbis  .  .  r 

(b)  Perfect  Subjunctive  (future  exactum)  in  negative  Oratio 
Obliqua  future  sentences: 

Lucretius  i.  414  verear  ne  .  .  .  prius  .  .  .  serpat  .  .  .  ,  quam 
tibi  .  .  .  sit  .  .  .  missa ;  Cicero  fam.  10.  16.  2  cures,  ut  ante  .  .  . 
audiamus,  quam  .  .  .  putarimus ;  att.  i.  18.  7.  cogimur  .  .  .  nihil 
decernere,  antequam  .  .  .  responsum  sit;  att.  5.  21.  3  vereor,  ne, 
.  .  .  non  putet  .  .  .  ,  antequam  successum  sit,  oportere  decedere ; 
att.  8.  II.  5.  ante  puto  tramissurum,  quam  potuerit  conveniri; 
sulla  44  ut  ante,  quam  me  .  .  .  coargueris,  te  .  .  .  convictum  esse 
fateare;  Caesar  b.  g.  5.  58.  4.  neu  quisquam  prius  vulneret,  quam 
ilium  .  .  .  viderit;  Bell.  Alex.  15.  3  ne  prius  .  .  .  cogaris,  quam 
.  .  .  potueris  explicare ;  Vergil  aen.  6.  140  non  ante  datur  .  .  . 
subire,  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  decerpserit;  Livy  26.  2.  14  ne  prius  .  .  . 

"^  In  such  a  sentence  as  this  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  Cicero  felt 
the  "  priusquam  "  clause  to  be  under  the  influence  of  the  Oratio  Obliqua ; 
in  other  nearly  similar  sentences  he  uses  the  Indicative.  As  this  may 
have  been  his  reason  for  the  use  of  the  Subjunctive  the  example  is  classed 
here. 

"*The  Present  Subjunctive  in  spite  of  the  negative  is  the  result  of  the 
presence  of  the  "  ut "  and  of  "  representatio." 

"®  See  note  147. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  (yj 

dimittatur,  quam  hostis  .  .  .  decesserit;  29.  18.  9.  quibus, 
per  vos  fidemque  vestram,  patres  conscripti,  priusquam  eorum 
scelus  expiaritis  (expietis  Weissenborn)  neque  in  Italia  neque  in 
Africa  quicquam  rei  gesseritis.  35.  12.  12;  37.  37.  8.  lie  ante  in 
aciem  descendat,  quam  .  .  .  audierit;  42.  13.  10  neminem  sibi, 
antequam  .  .  .  traiecerit,  armatum  occursurum;  Scribonius 
Largus  conp.  80;  Gratius  cyneg.  57  tangere  messes  ante  vetant 
quam  .  .  .  accenderit;  Pliny  nat.  hist.  18.  224  seri  iubent,  .  .  . 
Xenophon  non  antequam  deus  signum  dederit;  nat.  hist.  19.  148 
sariri  iubet  idem  non  antequam  asparagus  natus  fuerit. 

(c)  Perfect  Subjunctive  (future  exactum)  after  negative  im- 
perative &c. : 

Lucretius,  i.  52.  ne  mea  dona  .  .  .  ,  intellecta  prius  quam  sint, 
contempta  reHnquas;  Columella  r.  r.  12.  8,  2.  non  ante  aperueris 
ollam,  quam  usus  exegerit.  de  arbor.  16.  4.  gemmas  relinquito, 
ne  antequam  invaluerit,  in  altitudinem  repat. 

SENTENCES  OF  PAST  TIME. 
The  Indicative  Mood. 

(32)  The  sphere  of  the  Indicative  with  antequam  (priusquam) 
in  positive  sentences  of  past  time  is  very  limited.  The  statement  is 
generally  made  that  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  is  used 
in  positive  sentences  of  the  past  with  antequam  (priusquam) 
when  simple  antecedence  of  one  clause  to  another  is  to  be  ex- 
pressed. From  an  examination  of  the  examples,  however,  it  be- 
comes evident  that  the  Roman  mind  almost  always  conceived  a 
more  intimate  connection  than  that  of  mere  antecedence  and 
subsequence  between  the  two  clauses  especially  in  narrative, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative 
gradually  gave  way  to  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  in  all  positive 
sentences  of  the  past.  In  negative  sentences,  however,  in  which 
the  antecedence  and  subsequence  is  inverted  and  antequam  (prius- 
quam) becomes  equivalent  to  donee,  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indica- 
tive in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  maintains  itself  strongly 
against  the  encroachment  of  the  Subjunctive  even  down  to  the 
end  of  the  ist  century  A.  D. 


68  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

The  use  of  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  with  antequam 
(priusquam)  in  positive  sentences  is  confined  in  the  main  to  collo- 
quial style  and  writings  influenced  by  colloquial  usage,  and  to 
poetry.  It  occurs  in  the  plays  of  Plautus  and  Terence.  Cicero 
uses  it  freely  in  his  Letters  and  early  Orations ;  as  does  Seneca 
in  his  Letters,  and  other  works ;  elsewhere  it  is  chiefly  confined  to 
poetry.  In  historical  narrative  it  is  very  rare.  It  is  worthy  of  note 
that  the  Verrine  Orations  contain  almost  as  many  examples  of 
this  construction  as  all  of  the  later  Orations  combined,  while  in 
the  Philosophical  and  Rhetorical  Works  the  antequam  (prius- 
quam) clause  in  such  sentences  is  in  most  cases  modified  by 
some  temporal  expression  which,  marking  the  antequam  (prius- 
quam) clause  as  a  facty  gave  an  especial  reason  for  the  use  of 
the  Indicative,  which  was  observed  even  by  some  of  the  late 
writers,  after  the  Subjunctive  usage  had  become  established. 

(33)  The  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative;  positive  leading 
sentences. 

Pacuvius.  herm.  V.  (Ribbeck  I.  p.  no.)  prius  data  est  quam  tibi 
dari  dicta,  aut  quam  reditum  est  Pergamo.  Plautus.  cist.  616 
prius  banc  compressit,  quam  .  .  .  duxit  domum ;  epid.  46.  prius- 
quam .  .  .  abiit,  .  .  .  ipse  mandavit  .  .  .  ;  most.  220  olim  prius- 
quam id  extudi.  poen.  66  puer  .  .  .  surripitur  .  .  .  prius  .  .  . 
quam  moritur  pater ;''°  poen.  415  trecentos  Philippos  .  .  .  dedi 
. .  .  prius  quam  me  evocavisti ;  pseud.  53  prius  quam  .  .  .  abiit  quin- 
decim  .  .  .  minas  dederat ; "'  Terence,  hec.  294  prius  quam  banc 
.  .  .  duxi,  habebam  alibi  animum  amori  deditum;  hec.  744  banc 
prius  quam  duxit,  vostrum  amorem  pertuli;  Lucretius.^"  4,  839. 
multoque  creatae  sunt  prius  aures  quam  sonus  est  auditus ;  Lucil- 
ius.  sat.  26.  451  neque  prius  quam  venas  .  .  .  tetigit;  Varro  1.  1.  5. 
149  qui  tum  fuit  in  foro,  antequam  cloacae  sunt  factae;  menipp. 
226 ;  Cicero  att.  2.  7.  2 ;  att.  3.  9.  2.  aliquid  habebant  solacii,  ante- 
quam eo  venisti ;  att.  13.  32.  3 ;  att.  14.  17.  A.  3 ;  att.  15.  i.  2.  inde 
ante  profectus  est,  quam  .  .  .  cognovi;  att.  15.  7.   i.  antequam 

^^  Historical  present  in  both  clauses. 

*^^  The  pluperfect  in  the  leading  clause  is  uncommon. 

"^  An  unusual  variation  is  afforded  in  Lucretius  3.  972  "  respice  item 
quam  nil  ad  nos  anteacta  vetustas  temporis  aeterni  fuerit,  quam  nos  nasci- 
mur  ante." 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  69 

.  .  .  veni,  valde  mihi  placebat  .  .  .  ;  fam.  i.  i.  4.  ut  in  rebus  mul- 
to  ante,  quam  profectus  es  .  .  .  ;  fam.  3.  6.  4;  fam.  3.  9.  i.  ante 
quam  ex  Asia  egressus  es,  .  .  .  litteras  misisti ;  fam.  7.  23. 4.  prius- 
quam  .  .  .  legi  .  .  .  litteras,  quaesivi;  fam.  9.  14.  3.  antequam 
me  .  .  .  salutavit  .  .  .  inquit;  fam.  10.  3.  2.  necessitudinem 
.  .  .  habui  .  .  .  ante  aliquanto,  quam  tu  natus  es;  fam.  11.  5. 
2.  semper  amicus  fui,  antequam  ilium  intellexi  '"^  .  .  .  ;  fam. 
13.  I.  2.  qui  .  .  .  antequam  Philonem  ccgnovimus,  valde  .  .  . 
probabatur;  verr.  2.  i.  33  omne  .  .  .  tempus,  quod  fuit,  ante- 
quam iste  ad  magistratus  ....  accessit;  verr.  2.  i.  125  is 
mortuus  est  ...  ,  nescio  an  ante  quam  Verres  .  .  .  petere  coepit ; 
verr.  2.  I.  149  aliquanto  ante  .  .  .  proficiscitur,  quam  opus  efifec- 
tum  est;  verr.  2.  2.  46.  testamentum  fecerat,  .  .  .  aliquanto  ante 
quam  est  mortuus ;  verr.  2.  2.  140.  ante  quam  ego  in  Siciliam  veni ; 
verr.  2.  2.  161  omnia  .  .  .  ante  facta  sunt,  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  Italiam 
attigit ;  verr.  2.  3.  54  Nympho,  ante  quam  plane  constitit,  condem- 
natur;  verr.  2.  4.  7.  ante  quam  abs  te  sublata  sunt;  verr.  2.  5.  loi 
statuerat  iam  ante,  quam  hoc  usu  venit;  quinct.  81.  an,  antequam 
postulasti,  .  .  .  misisti  .  .  .?;  cluent.  31.  prius  vita  privavit  quam 
.  .  .  lucem  accipere  potuerunt ;  "*  ligar.  7.  me,  antequam  vidit,  rei 
publicae  reddidit;  c.  rabir.  25  quae  causa  ante  mortua  est,  quam 
tu  natus  es ;  rose.  amer.  60.  animadverti  .  .  .  eum  iocari  .  .  .  ante- 
quam .  .  .  riominavi ;  rose.  amer.  145  cuius  ante  praedia  possedisti, 
quam  ipsum  cognovisti;  caec.  53  paulo  antequam  .  .  .  venimus, 
.  .  .  sententiam  defendit;  dom.  85  multo  ante  quam  est  lata  lex 
de  me,  .  .  .  censuit ;  vatin.  4.  priusquam  loqui  coepisti  .  .  .  sensi ; 
prov.  cons.  37.  antequam  designatus  est;  phil.  10.  14.  ante  quam 
.  .  .  id  .  .  .  suscepimus,  in  pace  iacere  .  .  .  maluit?;  phil.  12. 
23  cui  fui  semper  amicus,  antequam  ...  est  factus  inimicus ;  de 
or.  2.  21.  saeculis  multis  ante  .  .  .  inventa  sunt,  quam  .  .  .  phil- 
osophi  .  .  .  garrire  coeperunt;  de  orat.  2.  154  duobus  prope 
saeculis  ante  cognovit,  quam  .  .  .  senserunt;  brut.  26  multo  ante 
.  .  .  quam  haec  est  .  .  .  elaborata;  brut.  49.  nam  ante  quam 
delectata   est  .  .  .  civitas  .  .  .  ,   multa  .  .  .  effecerat;   brut,    "j^, 

^"^ Notice  that  "semper"  in  the  leading  clause,  like  a  negative,  makes 
antequam  (priusquam)  =  donee,  the  action  of  the  leading  clause  being 
suspended  by  the  introduction  of  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause. 

^°*It  is  surprising  not  to  find  the  Subjunctive  here,  as  the  action  of  the 
leading  verb  prevents  the  accomplishment  of  the  action  of  the  dependent 
verb;    (the  potential  character  of  the  verb  may  have  been  considered). 


70  Antequam  and  Priusouam 

anno  ipso  ante  quam  natus  est  Ennius :  brut.  89.  quam  orationem 
.  .  .  rettulit,  paucis  ante  quam  mortuus  est  .  .  .  diebus  .  .  .  ; 
brut.  324.  perspecta  est  .  .  .  exercitatio  paulo  ante,  quam  .  .  . 
studium  .  .  .  conticuit ;  brut.  324  annis  ante  sedecim  causas  agere 
coepit,  quam  tu  es  natus.  nat.  deo.  i.  66.  ante  enim  iudicasti  .  .  . 
quam  ista  cognovisti;  tusc.  i.  13.  ego  .  .  .  non  commemini,  ante 
quam  sum  natus,  me  miserum.  de  div.  i.  73.  facta  coniectura  .  .  . 
est  paullo  ante  quam  regnare  coepit;  leg.  2.  5.  prius  quam  Theseus 
eos  demigare  .  .  .  iussit;  acad.  2.  61.  paulo  ante  quam  mortuus; 
de  off.  3.  94.  antequam  constitit,  ictu  fulminis  deflagravit;  re  pub. 

1.  23.  anno  fere  ante,  quam  consul  est  declaratus;  cato  mai.  50. 
sex  annis  ante  quam  ego  natus  sum;  lael.  11.  anno  ante,  quam  est 
mortuus;  lael.  96.  id  actum  est  .  .  .  quinquennio  ante,  quam 
consul  sum  factus;  Bell.  Hispan.  2.y.  3.  priusquam  ...  est  pro- 
fectus,  luna  hora  circiter  sexta  visa  est;^**"  Sallust.  jug.  97.  4. 
prius  quam  exercitus  aut  instrui  aut  sarcinas  conligere,  denique 
ante  quam  signum  .  .  .  accipere  quivit,  ...  in  nostros  incurrunt."^ 
hist.  ex.  or.  macr.  8.  prius  .  .  .  invidiam  metuere,  quam  vos 
iniuriae  pertaesum  est;  M.  TuU.  in  Sail,  invect.  2.  4.  ante  .  .  .  quam 
eos  .  .  .  vita  .  .  .  commendavit;  Ovid,  trist.  4.  6.  37  tulimus 
patientius  ante  quam  .  .  .  sunt  .  .  .  multiplicata ;  Vergil,  georg. 

2.  536.  ante  impia  quam  caesis  gens  est  epulata  iuvencis,  .  .  .  vitam 
.  .  .  agebat;  Dirae  (Lydia)  63.  prius  coniunx  quam  dictus  uterque 
est  .  .  .  libavit;  Ilias  Latina.  825.  tunc  prior  intorquet  .  .  . 
hastam  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  excipit  .  .  .  Patroclus;"^  Propertius. 
eleg.  3.  10.  9  ilium  saepe  .  .  .  fovit  in  ulnis,  quam  prius  .  .  . 
lavit  equos;  Auct.  ad  Heren.  i.  14.  24.  supplicium  sumpsit,  .  .  . 
antequam  tabulas  .  .  .  aperuit;^**  4.  21.  29.  venit  ante,  quam 
Roman  venit;  4.  41.  53  ante,  quam  occisus  homo  is  est,  iste  visus 
est  in  eo  loco;  Livy  9.  13. 10.  obsessis  prius,  quam  alter  consul  .  .  . 
advenit,  .  .  .  commeatus  .  .  .  invecti  erant,  9.  32.  6.  et  prius  sol 
meridie  se  inclinavit,  quam  telum  .  .  .  emissum  est;  24.  25.  10 
(rogafio)    accepta  .  .  .  paene    prius    quam    promulgata    est;"* 

*"  "  Hora  circiter  sexta  "  may  limit  the  "  priusquam  "  clause. 

^^  Notice  potential  character  of  the  verb  "  quivit." 

"^An  example  of  prior  quam  used  exactly  as  antequam  (priusquam.) 

***  Cf .  the  statement  of  Riemann  ( Gram.  Compar. )  462.  c.  "  quand 
prius  quam  (antequam)  signifie  sans  attendre  que  . . . ,  il  se  construit  avec 
le  subjonctif." 

"^  The  "  priusquam  "  clause  is  limited  by  "  paene." 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  71 

Valerius  Maximus.  i.  7.  ext.  2.  prius  cognovit  quam  exitu  sensit; 
I.  8.  ext.  5.  alter  ante  elatus  quam  natus  est;  3.  3.  ext.  5.  lamminas 
extinxit  prius  quam  efficere  potuit  ut  .  .  .  ;  6.  6.  ext.  2.  expira- 
vitque  prius  .  .  ,  tota  civitas  quam  .  .  .  respectum  .  .  .  depo- 
suit;  Seneca,  controv.  i.  4.  7.  antequam  ad  me  redeo,  exierunt;^*" 
Asconius  in  corn.  (O.  and  B.  p.  64)  ante  XXIII  annos  quam 
haec  dicta  sunt;  Seneca,  benef.  6.  23.  5.  cogitavit  nos  ante  natura, 
quam  fecit;  dial.  12.  15.  2.  ante  tertium  demum  diem  quam  per- 
culsus  sum;'"^  epist.  11.  3.  11.  mors  ante  abstulit  animum  quam 
conturbavit ;  epist.  14.  2.  3.  aliquamdiu  .  .  .  mansit,  antequam  socie- 
tatem  avaritia  distraxit;  ep.  20.  3.  18.  eo  loco  est,  quo  (erat)  ante- 
quam viximus;  oedip.  678.  multo  ante  .  .  .  gemunt  .  .  .  quam  .  .  . 
tetigi  loca;  Octav.  14.  utinam  ante  .  .  .  rupisset  stamina  .  .  . 
quam  .  .  .  vulnera  vidi ;  ""^  648  utinam  antequam  te  .  .  .  edidi 
.  .  .  lacerassent  ferae  viscera;^*"'  Manilius.  astron.  5.  183  ante 
quam  canibus  nova  praeda  fuit;  Phaedrus.  5.  9.  ante  hoc  novi, 
quam  tu  natus  es;  Velleius  Paterculus.  i.  15.  3.  ante  triennium 
quam  .  .  .  theatrum  facere  instituit;  2.  48.  2  ante  biennium,  quani 
ad  arma  itum  est;  Pliny,  nat.  hist.  2.  147  anno  antequam  M. 
Crassus  .  .  .  interemptus  est;  nat.  hist.  7.  213.  ante  undecim 
annos  quam  .  .  .  bellatum  est;  nat.  hist.  19.  59  antequam  prae- 
figi  prospectus  .  .  .  coegit  .  .  .  saeva  latrocinatio ;  Valerius 
Flaccus.  argon.  5.  346.  prius  quam  palluit;  Valerius  Flaccus 
argon  7.  220.  ante  .  .  .  Phasin  petiere  carinae,  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  te 
movit  amor.  Silius  Italicus  pun.  17.  99  sentitur  plerisque  prius, 
quam  cernitur ;  ""^  Quintilian.  inst.  9.  2.  12.  me,  antequam  vidit, 
.  .  .  reddidit,"'  inst.  10.  i.  74  antequam  est  ad  hoc  opus  sollicitatus ; 
decl.  263.  p.  yy  prius  .  .  .  constituerunt  .  .  .  quam  rogationem 
receperunt;  Statius.  theb.  4.  540.  ipse  .  .  .  inspexi  sedes,  .  .  . 
priusquam  obruit  ora  deus. 

(34)  Aorist    (Perfect)    Indicative;    negative    leading    sen- 
tences. 

Plautus.  rud.  1168  non  circumspexi  centiens,  prius  .  .  .  quam 
rete  extraxi  ex  aqua ;  trinum  976 ;  Lucretius.  4.  836 ;  Catullus. 

""  Historical  present  in  dependent  clause. 

^^^"Ante"  retains  its  prepositional  force  and  at  the  same  time  is  part 
of  the  conjunction  "antequam." 

^"^An  exception  to  the  rule  generally  observed  in  an  ''antequam  (prius- 
quam)" clause  depending  upon  the  verb  of  an  unreal  condition. 

"^  Quoted  from  Cicero's  Ligar.  7 ;  q,  v.  supra. 


^2  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

62.  29.  nee  iunxere  prius  quam  se  tuus  extulit  ardor ;  64.  91 ; 
Cicero,  att.  8.  11.  D.  7.  neque  haee  non  ego  prius  sum  suspicatus, 
quam  mihi  .  .  .  denuntiata  sunt;  att.  12.  35.  2.  antequam  a  te 
proxime  discessi,  numquam  mihi  venit  in  mentem ;  fam.  4.  5.  3 ; 
fam.  4.  II.  I ;  fam.  10.  4.  i.  nee  multo  ante  .  .  .  ante  scii,  quam  ex 
epistula  .  .  .  cognovi;  fam.  11.  13.  2.;  ad  brut.  i.  2.  2  non  prius 
exercitum  .  .  .  movisti,  quam  de  .  .  .  fuga  audisti;  verr.  2.1.98.; 
verr.  2.  3.  60.  equitem  Romanum  scitote  .  .  .  retentum  .  .  .  neque 
ante  dimissum,  quam  .  .  .  depectus  est;^^  verr.  2.  5.  55;  mur.  34 
non  ante,  quam  ilium  vita  expulit;  phil.  i.  25 ;  phil.  5.  7;  phil.  5.  15 
nee  ante  turpes  indices  quaesiti  (sunt),  quam  .  .  .  salus  desperata 
est;  nat.  deo.  i.  68;  de  orat.  2.  195  non  prius  sum  conatus  miseri- 
cordiam  aliis  commovere,  quam  misericordia  sum  ipse  captus ; 
part.  orat.  99;  Caesar,  b.  g.  i.  53.  i.  hostes  terga  verterunt  neque 
prius  fugere  destiterunt,  quam  ad  flumen  .  .  .  pervenerunt;  b.  g. 
7.  25.  4;  b.  g.  7.  47.  3 ;  Bell.  Afr.  40.  2  non  prius  videt  turmas  .  .  . 
quam  suos  caedi  .  .  .  sensit ;  Nepos.  epam.  2.  2.  neque  prius  eum 
.  .  .  dimisit,  quam  in  doctrinis  .  .  .  antecessit ;  epam.  8.  5 ; 
epam.  9.  i.;  epam.  9.  2.;  Sallust.  cat.  51.  34  neque  prius 
finis  .  .  .  fuit,  quam  .  .  .  suos  divitiis  explevit;  iug.  35.  8; 
Vergil,  aen.  2.  741  nee  prius  .  .  .  respexi  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .veni- 
mus ;  Ciris  255. ;  Horace,  sat.  2.  3.  185  an  tu  reris  eum  .  .  .  non 
ante  .  .  .  dementem  actum  .  .  .  quam  in  matris  iugulo  ferrum 
tepefecit  .  .  .  ?  Ovid,  metam.  3.  273  nee  nubes  ante  removit, 
quam  simulavit  anum  posuitque  .  .  .  canos  .  .  .  ;  metam.  4.  317; 
metam.  6.  709;  metam.  12.  529;  metam.  13.  244;  metam.  14.  523 
nee  prius  obticuit,  quam  guttura  condidit  arbor;  Livy.  i.  11.  5 
nee  ostenderunt  bellum  prius  quam  intulerunt.  i.  12.  i ;  2.  59.  2.; 
3.  21.  I ;  4.  6.  3. ;  4.  17.  II.  nee  ante  in  campos  degressi  sunt  quam 
legiones  .  .  .  auxilio  venerunt;  5.  46.  11;  5.  51.  6;  5.  51.  7; 
6.  29.  3.  non  prius  se  ab  effuso  curso  sistunt,  quam  in  conspectu 
Praeneste  fuit;  7.  34.  7;  8.  13.  8;  9.  30.  9;  9.  32.  8;  10.  26.  10 
quidam  auctores  sunt,  nee  ante  ad  consules  .  .  .  famam  eius  cladis 
perlatam,  quam  in  conspectu  fuere  Gallorum  equitis;  "^  21.  31.  9. ; 
21.  20.  7.;  23.  9.  9;  25.  25.  9;  26.  38.  II  nee  Blattius  ante  abstitit 

^"The  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  though  under  the  influence  of  O.  O. 
from  "  scitote." 

^^  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  is  used  though  it  is  under  the  influence 
of  the  Oratio  Obliqua;  see  Anton  Beobacht.  p.  29. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  73 

tarn  audaci  incepto,  quam  idem  .  .  .  pervicit ;  26.  46.  4. ; ""  27.  6. 
17.;  27.  14.  12.;  27.  27.  4.;  28.  33.  13.  nee  ante  circumductos  sen- 
sere,  quam  tumultum  .  .  .  ab  tergo  accepere ;  29.  2.  16. ;  30.  12.  8. ; 
33.  I.  6. ;  33.  7.  12. ;  34.  8.  2  nee  ante  abstiterunt,  quam  remissa 
intercessio  ab  tribunis  est ;  34.  12.  8. ;  34.  46.  12. ;  35.  26.  9. ;  37.  10. 
7. ;  39.  10.  9.  neque  ante  dimisit  eum,  quam  fidem  dedit :  41.  2.  10. ; 
44-  37-  3-j  Valerius  Maximus  2.  2.  i.  non  ante  sciri  potuit  .  .  . 
quam  captum  Persen  cognitum  est ;  Seneca  controv.  1.8.3  non  ^^^te 
te  retinere  coepi  quam  dimisit  respublica ;  controv.  7. 7. 7. ;  controv. 
9.  3.  (teub.  p.  390)  potes  scire  .  .  .  Porcum  .  .  .  esse  confusum 
.  .  .  nee  ante  potuisse  confirmari  .  .  .  quam  impetravit,  ut  .  .  . ; 
controv.  i.  2.  9;  Manilius.  astron.  i.  96.  nee  prius  imposuit  rebus 
finem  .  .  .  quam  caelum  ascendit  ratio ;  astron.  5.  343 ;  Velleius 
Paterculus.  i.  12.  6  neque  ante  invisum  esse  desinit,  quam  esse 
desiit;  2.  45.  5.;  Curtius.  8.  10.  30  non  tamen  ante  se  recepit  in 
castra,  quam  cuncta  perspexit. ;  9.  5.  30 ;  Seneca,  dial  10.  20.  3.  nee 
finivit  ante  tristitiam,  quam  labor  illi  suus  restitutus  est ;  epist.  24. 
5;  epist.  90.  36;  epist.  97.  3;  epist.  114.  22;  Valerius  Flaccus. 
argon,  i.  84.  nee  credere  quivi  ante  deam,  quam  te  .  .  .  vidi.  Pliny 
nat.  hist.  35.  156.  nihil  umquam  fecit  antequam  finxit;  Statius. 
theb.  8.  765.  nee  prius  subit,  quam  .  .  .  purgavit;  Silius  Italieus.  6. 
125  nee  virtutem  exuit  ullam  ante,  reluctantis  liquit  quam  spiritus 
artus ;  7.  107 ;  7.  748 ;  Martial.  7.  63.  5.  non  attigit  ante  Maronis, 
implevit  magni  quam  Ciceronis  opus;  Tacitus  ann.  i.  70.  22.  nee 
fides  salutis  (fuit),  ante,  quam  Caesarem  .  .  .  videre,  ann.  12.  5. 
6;  Suetonius,  iul.  58.  neque  .  .  .  ante  detexit  .  .  .  ,  quam 
paene  obrutus  fluctibus  ;"^  aug.  53  nee  prius  .  .  .  solemnes  frequent- 
are  desiit,  quam  .  .  .  vexatus ; '"  calig.  27  curatorem  .  .  .  non 
prius  occidit  quam  offensus  .  .  .  odore ;  "^  tiber.  37.  cum  .  .  . 
funus  .  .  .  non  prius  ex  foro  misisset,  quam  extorta  pecunia  .  .  . ; 
"^  vespas.  6.  nee  tamen  quicquam  ante  temptavit,  .  .  .  quam  soll- 
icitatus  quorundam  et  ignotorum  et  absentium  fortuito  favore ;  ^*^ 
vespas.  15  non  ante  succensuit  quam  altercationibus  .  .  .  paene 
in  ordinem  redactus.^"^ 

^^^  Aor.  Ind.  though  dependent  upon  ut  of  result. 

^''^  Suetonius  has  no  example  of  an  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative  after  a 
positive  leading  sentence;  no  examples  of  an  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative 
(Active)  after  a  negative  leading  sentence;  and  only  these  examples  of 
Passive.  It  is  therefore  doubtful  whether  they  must  be  considered  simply 
participles,  or  parts  of  Aorists  (Perfects)  Passive  with  ellipsis  of  the 
verb  "  esse." 


74  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

(35)  The  Imperfect  Indicative.'^^ — The  use  of  the  Imperfect 
Indicative  with  antequam  (priusquam)  is  rare  and  occurs  only 
after  a  negative  leading  sentence,  and  in  every  instance,  except 
one,  the  Imperfect  is  equivalent  to  an  Aorist  ^^  ( Perfect) .  In  the 
single  exception  the  Imperfect  has  its  usual  significance  of  con- 
tinued action  or  condition,  and  is  contrasted  with  an  aoristic  action 
which  is  in  the  same  clause  with  it  and  is  also  dependent  upon  the 
particle  ante-quam.^^° 

Plautus.  true.  511.  quid  illi  ex  utero  exitiost  prius  quam  pot- 
erat"^  ire  in  proelium?  Livy.  7.  34.  i.  CorneHus  .  .  .  exer- 
citum  ...  in  saltum  .  .  .  induxit,  nee  prius,  quam  recipi  tuto 
signa  non  poterant,"^  inminentem  capiti  hostem  vidit;  23.  30.  3 
herbis  .  .  .  vixere,  nee  ante,  quam  vires  ad  standum  .  .  .  deerant,^" 
expugnati  sunt;  23.  48.  i.  nee  ante  violavit  agrum  .  .  .  quam  iam 
altae  .  .  .  herbae  pabulum  praebere  poterant ;  "^  26.  46.  4  adeo 
.  .  .  intenti  .  .  .  animi  fuere,  .  .  .  ut  nemo  ante  .  .  .  senserit 
captam  urbem,  quam  tela  in  aversos  incidenmt,  et  utrimque  au- 
cipitem  hostem  hahehant;  "'  38.  3.  8.  Romam  miserunt,  nihil  .  .  . 
priusquam  paene  in  conspectu  hostis  erat,  "^  praemeditati."' 

(36)  Pluperfect  Indicative. — The  Pluperfect  Indicative  with 
antequam  {priusquam)  is  also  very  rare."*  In  the  positive  ante- 
quam {priusquam)  sentence,  it  is  the  verb  in  the  leading  clause 

^^The  reason  for  the  infrequency  of  the  Imperfect  Indicative  in  the 
antequam   {priusquam)   clause  has  been  considered  in  Part  A. 

^**It  may  therefore  be  said  that  but  one  example  occurs  of  the  real 
Imperfect,  the  other  examples  virtually  belonging  to  the  Aorist  (Perfect) 
Indicative  class. 

""Hoffmann  (Constr.  d.  lat.  zeitpartik)  p.  102;  Anton  (Beobacht).  p. 
18  and  p.  37;  Draeger  II.  512  (f)  ;  Hand.  turs.  I.  p.  401. 

"^  Poterat  =  potuit,  non  poterant  =  non  potuerunt,  deerant  =  def uerunt, 
poterant  =  potuerunt,  erat  =  fuit;  throughout  Latinity  the  use  of  the 
Imperfect  of  "  posse  "  and  kindred  verbs  and  of  the  compounds  of  "  esse  " 
instead  of  the  Aorist   (Perfect)  is  quite  common. 

"*The  Imperfect  "  habebant "  here  is  contrasted  with  the  Aorist  (Per- 
fect)  "  inciderunt "  to  emphasize  the  continuance  of  the  situation. 

"'  It  is  to  be  observed  that  in  all  of  these  examples  the  leading  sentence 
is  negative,  vid.  Part  A.  p.  16. 

"^  Draeger  11.  512  (f)  cites  Cicero  dom.  78.  as  the  only  example  of  the 
Pluperfect  Indicative.  Schmalz  (Miiller's  Hndb.  11.^  301)  cites  Cic. 
dom.  78  and  Gael.  Antip.  p.  100  fr.  4.  (hist.  4)  as  the  only  examples. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  75 

whose  time  is  antecedent  to  the  time  of  the  dependent  verb;  it 
would  therefore,  strictly  considered,  be  illogical  to  use  the  pluper- 
fect in  the  dependent  clause.  In  the  negative  sentence,  however, 
the  antecedence  and  subsequence  is  inverted  and  the  verb  in  the 
dependent  clause  may  have  its  antecedence  expressed  in  the  tense. 
That  this  is  infrequent  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  relation  of  ante- 
cedence and  subsequence  was  already  competently  expressed  by 
the  negative  and  conjunction. 

Plautus.  amph.  603.  prius  multo  ante  aedis  stabam  quam  illo 
adveneram ;  Coelius  Antipater.  hist.  4.  antequam  Barcha  perierat, 
alii  rei  causa  in  Africam  missus;  Varro.  menipp.  477.  antequam 
militia  subactus  aliquot  annis  erat ;  Cicero,  dom.  78  cives  Romani 
.  .  .  qui  erant  rerum  capitalium  condemnati,  non  prius  banc  civita- 
tem  amittebant,  quam  erant  in  eam  recepti,  quo  vertendi,  hoc  est 
mutandi,  soli  causa  venerant;""  Ovid.  ep.  ex  pont.  i.  8.  19.  nee 
prius  abscessit,  merita  quam  caede  nocentum  audaces  animos  con- 
tuderat  populi;  Asconius.  milo.  (p.  53  O.  &  B.)  testatus  erat 
audisse  a  M.  Favonio  ante  diem  tertiam,  quam  caedes  facta  erat, 
Clodium  dixisse;  Curtius  7.  5.  16  nee  ante  ad  curandum  corpus 
recessit,  quam  praeterierant.  Sulpicius  Carthag.  76  (Poet.  Lat. 
Min.  IV)  nee  ante  adfuit  obsequium  quam  mors  finiverat  iram. 

The  Subjunctive  Mood. 

(37)  The  Subjunctive  is  the  Mood  most  commonly  used  with 
antequam  (priusquam)  in  positive  sentences  of  the  past.  The 
narrow  limits  of  the  indicative  usage  have  been  mentioned. 

The  growth  of  the  use  of  the  Subjunctive  is  not  surprising. 
For  in  all  sentences  in  which  "  volition  "  was  to  be  expressed  the 
Subjunctive  was,  of  course,  used ;  and  very  early  in  the  language 
the  particles  antequam  and  priusquam  came  to  be  considered  equal 
to  antequam  ut,  priusquam  lit  as  the  result  of  their  comparative 
nature ;  a  conception  which  lent  itself  naturally  to  many  sentences 
and  could  be  applied  to  almost  any.  Moreover,  in  sentences  in 
which  the  dependent  action  was  looked  forward  to  by  the  subject 
of  the   leading  verb  the   Subjunctive   was   used.     In  such   sen- 

"^Riemann  (Gram.  Compar.)  464. 


76  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

tences  the  time  of  the  dependent  action  is  future  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  leading  action,  and  the  Imperfect  Subjunc- 
tive was  regularly  employed  as  the  Future  from  a  past  point  of 
view,  as  is  shown  by  the  Oratio  Obliqua  usage  and  the  Final 
Sentence  of  the  past.  These  types  embraced  so  large  a  majority 
of  the  possible  cases  that  it  was  not  unnatural  that  those  examples 
in  which  the  relation  between  the  clauses  seems  from  the  context 
to  be  simply  temporal  came  also  to  use  the  Subjunctive. 

Apart  from  other  considerations,  the  fact  that  the  Subjunctive 
was,  after  Cicero,  used  in  sentences  in  which  the  relation  between 
the  clauses  in  the  earlier  syntax  would  have  been  considered  simply 
temporal,  is  shown  by  the  examples  of  Caesar  and  Livy.  Caesar 
has  no  examples  of  the  Indicative  after  a  past  positive  leading 
sentence;  Livy  has  only  three;  and  it  is  hardly  conceivable  that 
among  over  two  hundred  past  positive  sentences  in  ordinary  his- 
torical narrative  only  three  were  intended  to  express  the  relation 
expressed  by  the  Indicative  in  the  earlier  syntax. 

The  tense  of  the  Subjunctive  most  used  is  the  Imperfect;  the 
Pluperfect,  which  is  much  less  common  and  shows  a  somewhat 
different  development  and  origin,  will  be  treated  separately. 

(38)   Imperfect  Subjunctive. — Positive  Leading  Sentences. 

(a)  Sentences  in  which  "  volition  "  is  plainly  marked. 

Caesar,  b.  g.  2.  12.  i.  Caesar,  priusquam  se  hostes  ex  terrore  ac 
f  uga  reciperent,  in  fines  Suessionum  .  .  .  contendit ;  "^  b.  g.  4.  4. 
7.  priusquam  ea  pars  Menapiorum  .  .  .  certior  fieret,  flumen 
transierunt;  b.  g.  7.  36.  7  priusquam  subsidio  ex  oppido  veniri 
posset,  .  .  .  duas  ibi  legiones  collocavit;  Nepos.  hannib.  7.  6.  hos 
Hannibal  ratus  sui  exposcendi  gratia  missos,  priusquam  iis  senatus 
daretur,  navem  ascendit  .  .  .  ;  Livy  i.  14.  4.  Fidenates  .  .  . 
priusquam  tantum  roboris  esset,  quantum  futurum  apparebat, 
occupant  bellum  facere;  3.  26.  4.  quae  priusquam  undique  vallo 
obiectae  clauderent  exitus,   quinque   equites   inter   stationes  .  .  . 

"° "  Priusquam  se  hostes  ex  terrore  ac  fuga  reciperent "  equals  "  ne  se 
hostes  ex  terrore  ac  fuga  prius  reciperent  ;  "  in  some  instances  "  prius- 
quam "  seems  almost  equal  to  simple  "  ne "  ;  in  the  latter  case  absolute 
prevention  is  aimed  at,  in  the  former  prevention  temporally  qualified. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  'jy 

emissi  Romam  pertulere  ...  ;  3.  60.  9.  prius  quam  totis  viribus 
fulta  constaret  hostium  acies,  intulit  acies;  23.  17.  5.  priusquam 
continuarentur  hostium  opera,  per  intermissa  munimenta  .  .  . 
perfugerunt;  25.  18.  14  Badius,  priusquam  opprimeretur,  parma 
atque  equo  relicto  ad  suos  aufugit ;  25.  22.  10.  prius  tamen,  quam 
haec  continuarentur  opera,  legati  ad  Hannibalem  missi ;  2"].  24.  4. 
septem  principes  senatus,  priusquam  custodiae  in  portis  locarentur, 
ante  noctem  cum  liberis  evaserunt;  29.  6.  11.  priusquam  clamor 
oreretur,  .  .  .  impetus  est  factus;  29.  24.  2.  Scipio  .  .  .  legatis 
propere,  priusquam  res  vulgaretur,  remissis  in  Africam  litteras 
dat;  36.  44.  7.  priusquam  ab  tribus  simul  circumveniretur,  retro 
ad  classem  refugit;  Valerius  Maximus  7.  3.  ext.  7.  ex  ilia  .  .  . 
pugna  prius  quam  cladis  nuntius  domum  perveniret  quendam  ex 
amicis  compositum  .  .  .  misit;  Curtius.  7.  2.  priusquam  ipsius 
nuntiaretur  adventus,  rursus  .  .  .  vestem  Macedonicam  sumit  et 
.  .  .  quarta  vigilia  pervenit;  Seneca,  ben  5.  25.  2  antequam  plures 
notas  familiaritatis  veteris  proferret,  .  .  .  inquit,  .  .  .  ;  Pliny. 
nat.  hist.  28.  29.  priusquam  ipse  eani  nominaret  aliusve  ei  praedi- 
ceret,  .  .  .  chartam  .  .  .  subnectebat  coUo ;  Tacitus  hist.  i.  74.  ii 
praetoriani,  .  .  .  remissi  (sunt),  antequam  legionibus  miscerentur; 
hist.  4.  66.  15  Labeo  antequam  circumveniretur,  profugit."^ 

(b)  Sentences  in  which  antequam  (priusquam)  is  equiva- 
lent to  antequam  (priusquam)  ut,  the  most  convenient  English 
translation  of  which  is  "  too  soon  for,"  or  "  before  "  with  the 
auxiliary  "  could  "  prefixed  to  the  verb.  In  some  of  the  examples 
under  this  head  the  action  of  the  leading  verb  prevents  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  action  of  the  dependent  verb  permanently  or 
absolutely,  in  others  only  temporarily  or  partially. 

Cicero,  verr.  2.  4.  147.  nam  antequam  verbum  facerem,  de  sella 
surrexit  atque  abiit;"^  phil.  2.  21.  prius  enim  rem  transegit,  quam 
quisquam  eum  facturum  id  suspicaretur ;  phil.  2.  96  sed,  priusquam 
tu  suum  sibi  venderes,  ipse  possedit;  phil.  5.  43.  qui  .  .  .  subito 
.  .  .  exortus  prius  confecit  exercitum  .  .  .  quam  quisquam  hoc 

^"  Many  other  examples  might  be  classed  here,  but  all  others  seem 
to  be  more  distinctively  marked  by  the  characteristics  of  other  classifi- 
cations. 

"'Schmalz  (Miiller's  Hndb.)  Syntax  301.  "  Steht  aber  der  Konj.  Im- 
perf.  z.  B.  Cic.  Verr.  4.  147.  "  antequam  verbum  facerem,  de  sella  surrexit 


78  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

eum  cogitare  suspicaretur ;  de  orat.  i.  78.  quos  in  amicorum  nego- 
tiis  res  ipsa  ante  confecit,  quam  possemus  ^"  aliquid  .  .  .  suspicari ; 
Caesar,  b.  g.  3.  26.  3.  prius  in  hostium  castris  constiterunt,  quam 
plane  ab  his  videri  .  .  .  posset,  4.  14.  i.  prius  ad  .  .  .  castra 
pervenit,  quam,  .  .  .  Germani  sentire  possent.  b.  g.  6.  3.  2 ; "'  b.  g. 
6.  4.  I.  conantibus,  priusquam  id  effici  posset,  adesse  Romanos 
nuntiatur ;  b.  g.  7.  9.  5 ; ""  b.  c.  i.  41.  5.  sic  omne  prius  est  perfec- 
tum  opus,  quam  intellegeretur  ab  Afranio  castra  muniri ;  b.  c.  2.  26. 
4;"^  b.  c.  2.  34.  6;"°  b.  c.  3.  7.  2.  prius  ad  continentem  visus  est 
Caesar,  quam  de  eius  adventu  fama  ...  in  eas  regiones  perfer- 
retur ;  b.  c.  3.  67:  4.  nam  et  pervenit,  priusquam  Pompeius  sentire 
posset;  b.  c.  3.  loi.  i.;  b.  c.  3.  109.  5.  quos  ille,  .  .  .  priusquam 
audiret  aut,  cuius  rei  causa  missi  essent,  cognosceret,  corripi  atque 
interfici  iussit ;  Bell.  Alex.  28.  2  prius  tamen  regis  copiis  occurrit, 
quam  is  Mithridaten  adgredi  posset;  Nepos.  datam.  9.  5.  prius- 
quam pervenirent  ad  eum  quem  aggredi  volebant,  confixi  con- 
ciderunt;^**  datam.  11.  5;^*"  eumen.  3.  6;  Livy.  i.  14.  9.  terrore 
perculsi  .  .  .  prius  paene  quam  Romulus  quique  cum  eo  .  .  . 
erant  circumagerent  frenis  equos,  terga  vertunt ;  i.  14.  11 ;  i.  37.  2 ; 

2.  31.  6;  2.  61.  8;  3.  18.  9.  prius  vicit,  quam  se  pugnare  sine 
duce  sentiret;  3.  47.  4;  4.  2^.  11 ;  5.  26.  8;  5.  31.  4  fusis  hostibus 
prius  paene  quam  manus  consererent;  5.  38.  6;  6.  38.  i.;  7.  14. 
10;  7.  26.  9.  alia  multitudo,  priusquam  ad  coniectum  teli  veniret, 
terga  vertit;  8.  11.  11;  21.  47.  3;  22..  4.  7;  22.  15.  8.  cum  prius, 
quam  ad  coniectum  teli  veniret,  avertisset  hostis ;  23.  39.  4 ; 
26.  14.  5;  26.  40.  10;  27.  16.  2;  28.  17.  15  percussa  enim  ex  alto 
vela  paulo  acriori  vento  prius  in  portum  intulerunt  quinqueremes, 
quam  Poeni  ancoras  molirentur;  29.  22.  9;  33.  42.  6;  34.  20.  9; 
35.  2^.  7  multi  prius  incendio  absumpti  sunt,  quam  hostium  adven- 
tum  sentirent;  35.  28.  10;  35.  29.  3;  35.  35.  19;  37.  38.  4 
priusquam  flumen  ingrederentur,  ab  instantibus  tergo  aliquot 
interfecti  sunt;  39.  36.  i ;  41.  9.  4;  41.  19.  9;  Valerius  Maximus 

3.  8.  3.  consulatum  Palicano  prius  quam  ilium  adipisceretur  eripuit ; 
Seneca  controv.   exc.  6.  6.  adulterium   deprehendi  serius   quam 

et  abiit,"  so  erklart  sich  daraus,  dass  der  Sprechende  nicht  bloss  die 
Zeit  angeben  wollte ;  der  Sinn  ist  hier :  '  meint  ihr,  ich  hatte  ein  Wort 
sprechen  konnen  ?  Noch  bevor  ich  iiberhaupt  anfing,  ging  er  weg.' "  A 
very  unsatisfactory  explanation. 

^''Attention  is  called  to  the  verb  "posse"  in  these  sentences. 

^^  Absolute  prevention. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  79 

factum  est,  veneficium  antequam  fieret ;  Velleius  Paterculus  2.  42. 
3;  Phaedrus.  i.  20.  sed  rupti  prius  periere,  quam  quod  petierant 
contingerent ;  Curtius.  4.  3.  3 ;  5.  4.  28  integros  quoque,  antequam 
discrimen  experirentur,  in  fugam  avertit ;  9.  7.  21 ;  9.  5.  2 ;  10.  i.  37 
antequam  accusari  se  suspicaretur  Orsines,  in  vincula  traditus  est ; 
Seneca  dial.  6.  20.  i;  dial.  11.  3.  3.  antequam  felicitatem  suani 
nosset  frater  tuus,  exemptus  est;  lud.  claud.  (apocol.)  10.  4;  nat. 
quaest.  i.  16.  9;  epist.  87.  i ;  her.  fur.  219  monstra  superavit  prius 
quam  nosse  posset ;  Lucan.  phars.  9.  1006 ;  Pliny  nat.  hist.  36.  9 ; 
nat.  hist.  36.  31 ;  Quintilian  decl.  251  p.  28  haec  vero  .  .  .  rapta  est, 
antequam  destinaretur,  antequam  idonea  nuptiis  videretur;  decl. 
324.  p.  277;  Tacitus,  ann.  15.  15.  7.  namque  et  munimenta  ingressa 
sunt,  antequam  agmen  Romanum  excederet;  hist.  i.  7.  5;  hist. 
2.  25.  I.  antequam  miscerentur  acies,  terga  vertentibus  VitelUanis, 
Celsus  .  .  .  repressit  suos ;  Suetonius,  aug.  4.  prius  quam  profi- 
teri  se  .  .  .  posset,  mortem  obiit  repentinam ;  aug.  19 ;  calig.  i ; 
calig.  12;  titus  II.  senatus  prius  quam  edicto  convocaretur  ad 
curiam  concurrit. 

(c)  Examples  in  which  the  dependent  action  is  looked  for- 
ward to  by  the  subject  of  the  leading  verb  without  any  appre- 
ciable feeling  of  "  volition." — This  use  of  the  Subjunctive  which 
may  be  called  "  prospective  "  was  doubtless  extended  to  cases  in 
which  actual  prevision  was  impossible ;  ^*^  such  examples,  however, 
being  impossible  of  certain  recognition  as  such  are  not  given  here. 

Cicero,  att.  11.  11.  2.  sed,  priusquam  id  scirem,  nihil  ausus 
sum  sumere;"""  verr.  2.  2.  17  statim  Romae  .  .  .  ,  antequam 
proficisceretur,  quaerere  .  .  .  coepit;  phil.  8.  i.  antequam  senten- 
tiam  diceret,  propinquitatem  excusavit;  tusc.  4.  49  atque  hi  con- 
locuti  inter  se,  prius  quam  manum  consererent,  leniter  et  quiete 
.  .  .  ;  Bell.  Afr.  4.  3  quo  simulatque  captivus  cum  pervenisset 
litterasque  .  .  .  Considio  porrigere  coepisset,  priusquam  acciperet 
ille,  *  unde,'  inquit  'istas?'  50.  i.  erat  convallis  .  .  .  quae  erat 
transgredienda  Caesari,  antequam  ad  eum  collem,  quem  capere 


181 


Hale  (Antic.  Subj.)   p.  86  gives  this  as  the  explanation  of  the  Sub- 
junctive in  the  generic  sentence. 

^^^  With  a  negative  leading  sentence  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  is  more 
usual ;  in  this  sentence,  however,  the  nature  of  the  verb  makes  the  Pluper- 
fect unnecessary. 


8o  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

volebat,  perveniretur ;  Sallust.  iug.  59.  i.  postero  die,  prius  quam 
.  .  .  egrederetur,  equitatum  .  .  .  pro  castris  agitari  iubet ;  Nepos. 
datam.  11.  3. ;  hannib.  11.  i  quarum  acie  constituta,  priusquam  sig- 
num  pugnae  daretur,  .  .  .  tabellarium  .  .  .  mittit;"'"  Livy.  i.  24.  3 
priusquam  dimicarent,  foedus  ictum  inter  Romanes  et  Albanos 
est ;  '"*  I.  26.  I ;  2.  37.  2 ;  3.  36.  i ;  3.  57.  10  priusquam  urbe  egreder- 
entur,  leges  decemvirales  .  .  .  proposuerunt ;  4.  61.  7 ;  5.  18.  2 ;  5.  23. 
3.  priusquam  senatus  decerneret,  plena  omnia  templa  Romanarum 
matrum  grates  dis  agentium  erant;  7.  25.  i;  8.  3.  10;  8.  9.  i. 
Romani  consules,  priusquam  educerent  in  aciam,  immolaverunt ;  8. 
37.  I.;  10.  21.  13;  10.  33.  9  prius  tamen  quam  exiret  .  .  .  ipse 
aedem  Victoriae  .  .  .  dedicavit;  21.  39.  10;  22.  31.  i ;  ^^  23.  28.  5. 
Hasdrubal,  priusquam  m.overet  castra,  pecunias  imperat ;  "^  24.  14. 
5 ;  24.  44.  7;  25.  16.  I.  Graccho,  priusquam  ex  Lucanis  moveret, 
sacrificanti  triste  prodigium  factum  est;^"  25.  24.  15;  27.  8.  11; 
2y.  16.  15  Fabio  auspicanti,  priusquam  egrederetur  ab  Tarento, 
aves  .  .  .  non  addixerunt ;  2y.  18.  2 ;  27.  19.  i ;  28.  2.  16  antequam 
freto  Gades  traiceret,  exercitum  omnem  ...  in  civitates  divisit; 
28.  II.  8;  28.  32.  I ;  31.  7.  I.  consul  .  .  .  priusquam  centurias  in 
suffragium  mitteret,  contione  advocata  .  .  .  inquit,  ...  ;  31.  33. 
8;  32.  22.  9;  33.  12.  I  cuius  (conloquii)  priusquam  tempus  veniret, 
in  consilium  advocavit  socios;  34.  26.  9;  35.  8.  4;  36.  18.  1  ab 
hac  contione  dimissi  milites,  priusquam  corpora  curarent,  arma 
tela  parant;  36.  17.  2;  36.  36.  i;  37.  3.  7;  37.  5-  2  et  tunc  .  .  . 
priusquam  praetorium  dimitteret,  denuntiavit;  38.  24.  9;  38.  41.  2; 
39.  4.  I.  priusquam  consules  redirent  Romam,  M.  Fulvius  pro- 
consul ex  Aetolia  redit;"^  39.  5.  17;  39.  41.  5 ;  41.  18.  7;  42.  i.  7 
priusquam  ab  Roma  proficiseretur,  litteras  Praeneste  misit;  42. 
21.  6;  42.  36.  8.  qui,  priusquam  magistratu  abiret,  Brundisium  .  .  . 
praemissus  erat;  Valerius  Maximus.  i.  6.  ext.  i.  priusquam 
Athenas  deleret,  Lacedaemonis  invadendae  consilium  agitanti  .  .  . 

1^  "  Volition  "  may  have  been  felt  in  this  sentence. 

^^*Here  the  leading  sentence  is  impersonal  but  the  logical  subject  is 
"  Romani  et  Albani." 

"°  Livy  22,  38,  9.  conlegae  eius  Pauli  una,  pridie  quam  ex  urbe  proficis- 
erentur,  contio  fuit. 

^^^  Oratio  Obliqua  from  "  imperat "  may  be  present  here. 

"^The  "priusquam"  clause  depends  upon  "sacrificanti." 

"^The  proconsul  was  obliged  to  be  back  before  the  consuls  because 
his  term  of  office  expired  before  they  were  to  return.     (Weissenborn.) 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  8i 

prodigium  incidit;  i.  7.  4;  7.  4.  ext.  2;  8.  7.  ext.  15.  ad  Xerxem 
.  .  .  confugere  coactus,  prius  quani  in  conspectum  eius  veniret, 
Persico  sermone  se  adsue fecit;  Seneca  controv.  i.  3.  them. 
incesti  damnata  antequam  deiceretur  de  saxo  invocavit  Vestam; 
controv.  i.  21.  (teub.  p.  65) ;  controv.  2.  4.  11.  de  quo  Severus 
Cassius,  antequam  ab  illo  reus  ageretur,  dixerat;  Curtius.  4.  6.  10; 
8.  6.  26  fratremque,  antequam  pro  salute  eius  precaretur,  resti- 
tuit;""  9.  I.  Abisares,  qui  prius,  quam  cum  Poro  dimicaretur, 
legatos  ad  Alexandrum  miserat;  10.  2.  9; "'  Seneca,  clem.  i.  15.  4. 
deinde  priusquam  aperirentur  codicilli,  iuravit  se  .  .  .  hereditatem 
non  aditurum;  Quintilian.  decl.  272  p.  116  hanc  vero  satis  fortiter 
ac  supra  sexum  suum  fecisse  credo,  quod  nihil  dixit,  antequam 
torqueretur;  decl.  366.  p.  401;  Pliny,  epist.  5.  13.  6.  sed  prius 
quam  sententiae  dicerentur,  Nigrinus  .  .  .  recitavit  libellum; 
Suetonius  aug.  y6  (Ego)  qui  .  .  .  duas  bucceas  manducavi  prius 
quam  ungui  inciperem;  tiber.  20;  calig.  44  et  nonnullis  ante 
paucissimos  quam  consummaturi  essent  dies,  primos  pilos  ademit ; 
calig.  4b. 

(d)  Sentences  which  partake  of  the  nature  of  those  in  more 
than  one  of  the  preceding  categories  (a),  (b),  and  (c),  but  in 

which  the  characteristics  of  no  one  category  are  so  predominant 
as  to  permit  placing  them  in  it. 

Cicero  cluent.  27.  puer  .  .  .  ante  noctem  mortuus  et  postridie, 
ante  quam  luceret,  combustus  est ;  Bell.  Alex.  61.  6  quae  priusquam 
perficerentur,  Longinus  omnem  suum  equitatum  emisit;  Nepos. 
ages.  3.  2.  eam  .  .  .  prius  depopulatus  est,  quam  Tissaphernes 
usquam  se  moveret ;  Sallust.  iug.  54.  10.  Numidae  prius  quam  ex 
castris  subveniretur,  sicuti  iussi  erant,  in  proxumos  colles  dis- 
cedunt;  Livy  i.  25.  10.  prius  itaque  quam  alter,  qui  nee  procul 
aberat,  consequi  posset,  et  alterum  Curatium  conficit;  3.  58.  6; 
4.  39.  9;  4.  47.  6  senatus,  priusquam  ab  tribunis  .  .  .  seditiones 
fierent,  censuit  frequens;  5.  49.  i ;  6.  32.  11 ;  8.  13.  10.  priusquam 
comitiis  in  insequentem  annum  consules  rogarent,  Camillus  .  .  . 
ad  senatum  rettulit;  9.  26.  7;  21.  5.  16;  21.  14.  i ;  23.  28.  4.  retro 
in  sua  castra  redit  .  .  .  tutior,  quod  undique  abierat,  antequam 
consentirent ;  23.  37.  7;  26.  25.  6;  26.  31.  7  et  antequam  obsiderem 

'«» Possibly  "volition." 

^^  Oratio  Obliqua  may  be  felt. 


82  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

Syracusas,  nunc  legatis  mittendis  .  .  .  temptavi  pacem;  28.  3.  4; 
28.  33.  17;  30.  35.  4  omnia  et  in  proelio  et  ante  aciem,  prius- 
quam excederet  pugna,  expertus;  31.  40.  3;  32.  17.  i ;  35.  27.  10 
magna  vi  pecorum  . .  .  abrepta,  priusquam  .  .  .  tyrannus  praesidium 
agris  mitteret,  discessit;  36.  13.  7;  37.  18.  8;  37.  27.  6  itaque  prius- 
quam appropinquaret  classis,  Myonnesum  perfugerunt ;  37.  46.  5 ; 
38.  23.  I ;  39.  46.  6  priusquam  consules  in  provincias  proficis- 
cerentur,  legationes  in  senatum  introduxerunt ;  43.  18.  6 ;  44.  9.  i ; 
Valerius  Maximus.  2.  8.  2.  tunc  Calatinus,  prius  quam  Lutatius 
causam  .  .  .  ordiretur,  '  quaero,'  inquit,  '  Valeri '  .  .  .  ;  Curtius. 
7.  II.  5;  Frontinus.  strateg.  2.  5.  31 ;  Tacitus  ann.  4.  46.  10  sed 
antequam  arma  inciperent,  misere  legates ;  hist.  3.  70.  i ;  Sue- 
tonius, tiber.  2 ;  claud.  Z14.  prius  igitur  quam  ultra  progrederetur, 
praeventus  est  ab  Agrippina. 

(e)  Sentences  in  which  the  relation  between  the  clauses  is 
simply  temporal;  in  which  the  particular  sense  of  the  sentences 
under  (a),  (b)  and  (c)  is  not  suggested  by  the  context. 

Lucretius.  4.  840.  et  omnia  denique  membra  ante  fuere,  ut 
opinor,  eorum  quam  foret  usus  ;  "^  4.  844.  et  lacerare  artus  foedare- 
que  membra  cruore  ante  fuit  multo  quam  lucida  tela  volarent,  et 
volnus  vitare  prius  natura  coegit  quam  daret  obiectum  parmai 
laeva  per  artem;"^  5.  1379  at  liquidas  avium  voces  imitarier  ore 
ante  fuit  multo  quam  .  .  .  carmina  cantu  concelebrare  homines 
possent ;  ""^  Cicero,  phil.  14.  27.  O  solem  ipsum  beatissimum,  qui 
antequam  se  abderet,  .  .  .  fugientem  vidit  Antonium ! ;  de  div. 
I.  55.  qui  (hidi)  ante  quam  fierent  .  .  .  servus  per  circum  .  .  . 
ductus  est ;  Pseudo.  Cicero,  ad  octav.  4.  quae  tibi  non  ante,  quam 
postulares,  maiora,  quam  velles,  plura  quam  sperares,  detulit 
senatus?"*'  Nepos.  datam.  5.  i.  hie  priusquam  perveniret,  quo 
erat  profectus,  in  itinere  convenit,  qui  .  .  .  ;  dion.  4.  4 ;  arist.  2.  i ; 
alcib.  3.  2;  cato  i.  i.  Cato  .  .  .  priusquam  honoribus  operam 
daret,  versatus  est  in  Sabinis;"*  att.  21.  4;  Ovid.  her.  ep.  15.  36. 

"^Cf.  Lucretius  4.  839  aor.  (perf.)  indie,  in  exactly  similar  context. 

"^Lucretius  4.  839  affords  a  valid  objection  to  explaining  these  Sub- 
junctives as  resulting  from  their  generic  character,  even  if  it  be  admitted 
that  they  are  generic. 

"'The  interrogation  nullifies  the  negation,  making  the  sentence,  in  sense, 
positive. 

"*  This  sentence  may  be  considered  generic  since  "  daret "  has  the  signi- 
ficance of  "dabat"  and  "versatus  est"  denotes  habitual  action. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  83 

te  prius  optavi  quam  mihi  nota  fores;  Livy.  i.  50.  2.  ipse  Tar- 
quinius  diem  quidem  servavit,  sed  paulo  ante,  quam  sol  occideret, 
venit;  3.  19.  7;  5.  16.  i ;  5.  33.  5  ducentis  quippe  annis  ante  quam 
Clusium  oppugnarent,  urbemque  Romam  caperent,  in  Italiam  .  .  . 
transcenderunt.  7.  i.  9;  7.  7.  i ;  8.  15.  3.  sed  priusquam  consules  ab 
urbe  .  .  .  exercitum  educerent,  fama  adfertur ;  9.  29.  i ;  10.  19. 
15 ;  10.  26.  7.  ceterum  antequam  consules  in  Etruriam  pervenirent, 
.  .  .  Galli  ...  ad  Clusium  venerunt;  10.  40.  13;  10.  43.  5;  21. 
61.  I.  priusquam  certa  huius  cladis  fama  accideret,  .  .  .  Has- 
drubal  .  .  .  iter  ad  mare  convertit;  22.  8.  i ;  22.  29.  4;  22.  38.  6 
contiones,  priusquam  ab  urbe  signa  moverentur,  consulis  Varronis 
.  .  .  feroces  fuere ;  22.  39.  6;  24.  20.  12 ;  24.  41.  i  nam  priusquam 
Romani  amnem  .  .  .  transirent,  ingentes  copias  .  .  .  Mago  et 
Hasdrubal  fuderunt;  25.  31.  12;  26.  41.  4;  27.  37.  i.  priusquam 
consules  proficiscerentur,  novendiale  sacrum  fuit;  2"^.  40.  10;  33. 
16.  I ;  34.  4.  19  nolite  eodem  loco  existimare  .  .  .  futuram  rem,  quo 
fuit,  antequam  lex  de  hoc  ferretur;  34.  10.  6;  34.  16.  10;  34.  29.  14 
priusquam  Gytheum  traderetur,  Pythagoras,  ...  ad  Nabim 
venit;  35.  21.  2;  35.  21.  7;  35.  32.  3  qui,  priusquam  concilium  iis 
daretur,  impleverant  omnium  aures  ...  ;  36.  16.  6 ;  36.  26.  i ; 
37.  22.  3.  biduo  ante,  quam  Eudamus  cum  classe  .  .  .  veniret, 
.  .  .  naves  .  .  .  missae;""'  37.  45.  13.  postquam  traiecimus  Helles- 
pontum,  priusquam  castra  regia,  priusquam  aciem  videremus  .  .  . 
easdem  .  .  .  ferimus  ...  ; "'  37.  51.  i.;  37.  57.  5;  38.  55.  5 
scribae  et  accensus,  priusquam  de  Scipione  indicium  fieret,  abso- 
luti  sunt;  39.  49.  8;  40.  41.  7;  42.  3.  10;  42.  15.  5.  ascendentibus 
ad  templum  .  .  .  ,  priusquam  perveniretur  ad  .  .  .  loca,  maceria 
erat"^  ...  ;  42.  37.  5;  Valerius  Maximus.  i.  6.  3.  quod  prius 
quam  legati  renuntiarent,  aruspex  Veientium  .  .  .  f uturum  dixerat ; 
I.  7.  6;  3.  8.  ext.  4;  4.  5.  ext.  i.  quod  sequitur  externis  adnectam, 
quia  ante  gestum  est  quam  Etruriae  ci vitas  daretur;  5.  5.  init. ; 
Seneca,  controv.  i.  i.  14;  controv.  exc.  i.  4  priusquam  in  mei 

^  "  Ante  quam  "  is  here  limited  by  a  definite  temporal  expression  which 
as  has  been  shown,  usually  is  felt  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  the  action  in 
the  dependent  clause  actually  occurred;  the  Subjunctive,  however,  is  used 
in  such  sentences  in  Livy  and  regularly  in  Veil.  Paterc.  and  later  historical 
writers. 

^^" Postquam"  and  "priusquam"  contrasted  point  to  purely  temporal 
character  of  the  relation  between  the  clauses. 

"'May  be  considered  generic. 


84  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

memoriam  reverterer,  exierunt ;  controv.  2.  2.  i ;  controv.  7.  8.  i ; 
controv.  8.1.  facti  quaeritis  causam?  si  priusquam  amitteret  liberos, 
avara ;  si  postquam  amisit,  irata ;  Velleius  Paterculus  i.  6.  4 ;  1.8. 
I  is  eos  ludos  mercatumque  instituit  ante  annos,  quam  tu,  .  .  .  con- 
sulatum  inires,  octingentos  tris ; "'  i.  12.  5  ;  i.  12.  7 ;  2.  28.  i.  paulo 
ante  quam  Sulla  ad  Sacriportum  dimicaret,  .  .  .  exercitum  fuder- 
ant,  duo  Servilii  apud  Clusium ;  2.  30.  2 ;  2.  49.  i ;  2.  54.  2  quod 
ciebat  rex  luba  .  .  .  ante  biennium  quam  extingueretur  Pompeius ; 
2.  62.  I ;  2.  65.  2 ;  2.  84.  I  ubi  longe  ante  quam  dimicaretur  explora- 
tissima  .  .  .  fuit  victoria;  2.  93.  i;  Pomponius  Mela.  i.  66; 
Curtius.  3.  7.  14;  6.  I.  21  hie  fuit  exitus  belli,  quod  repente  ortum 
prius  tamen  finitum  est,  quam  Dareum  Alexander  .  .  .  superaret ;  8. 

5.  17;  8.  7.  II ;  9.  8.  12  sed  antequam  adirent  eum,  duae  turres  .  .  . 
prociderant;  Scribonius  Largus  p.  5.  Seneca  dial.  6.  19.  5 ;  dial. 
II.  9.  2;  dial.  II.  9.  7.  antequam  quicquam  ex  suo  favore  fortuna 
mutaret,  stantem  adhuc  illam  .  .  .  reliquit ;  ben.  2.  27.  i ;  ben. 

6.  31.  12;  nat.  quaest.  2.  26.  5.  (rupes)  quas  spiritus,  antequam 
urerentur,  expulerat;  epist.  23.  11  ;^'*^  epist.  54.  4;  epist.  88.  5. 
demus  illis  Homerum  philosophum  fuisse:  nempe  sapiens  factus 
est,  antequam  carmina  ulla  cognosceret;  epist.  88.  8;  here.  fur. 
454;  Pliny,  nat.  hist.  I.  33.  13;  nat.  hist.  6.  180  fuit  quondam  et 
Epis  oppidum  contra  Meroen,  antequam  Bion  scriberet  deletum; 
nat.  hist.  15.  118;  nat.  hist.  34.  38;  nat.  hist.  36.  8  .  .  .  Medis 
imperantibus  priusque  quam  Cyrus  in  Persis  regnere  inciperet; 
Lucan  pharsal.  2.  576  cum  signa  tuli  tot  fulgentia  ponto,  ante  bis 
exactum  quam  Cynthia  conderet  orbem ;  Valerius  Flaccus  argon. 

5.  144  nam  prius  ignoti  quam  dura  cubilia  ferri  eruerent  ensesque 
darent,  Odia  aegra  armis  errabant;"^  Silius  Italicus.  13.  790 
atque  haec  cuncta,  prius  quam  cerneret,  ordine  terris  prodidit; 
Frontinus.  strateg.  i.  i.  6;  Quintilian.  inst.  2.  17.  9  nam  et  vulnus 
deligavit  aliquis,  antequam  haec  ars  esset;  inst.  5.  10.  120;  inst. 

6.  5.  10. ;  inst.  7.  6.  3 ;  decl.  263  p.  yy  antequam  tabella  referretur, 
antequam  excuteretur  numerus  populi,  ego  iam  non  tenueram; 

"*  It  is  possible  that  this  sentence  was  conceived  as  meaning  "  eighty- 
three  years  before  you  were  to  enter  upon  your  consulship;"  a  not  un- 
natural extension  of  the  "  prospective  "  idea  of  the  sentences  given  above, 
which  might  be  applied  to  many  of  the  examples  under  this  head. 

"®The  Epistles  of  Seneca  contain  a  number  of  examples  of  the  Aorist 
(Perfect)  Indicative  in  positive  sentences. 

^*^  May  be  considered  generic. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  85 

decl.  268.  p.  93;  decl.  272.  p.  116;  decl.  301,  p.  185;  decl.  301,  p. 
189;  decl.  318,  p.  250  ne  ius  quidem  dubium  erat,  etiam  antequam 
veniret  in  dubium ;  Pliny,  epist.  i.  16.  i ;  epist.  5.  18.  i ;  ep.  traian. 
118.  2.  iidem  obsonia  petunt  .  .  .  quamvis  vicerint,  ante  quam 
fieret;  paneg.  64;  paneg.  95;  Tacitus,  ann.  4.  67.  12  prospect- 
abatque  pulcherrimum  sinum,  antequam  Vesuvius  .  .  .  faciem  loci 
verteret;  hist.  2.  6.  i ;  hist.  2.  96.  i ;  hist.  4.  85.  i  at  Domitianus 
Mucianusque  antequam  Alpibus  propinquarent,  prosperos  .  .  . 
nuntios  accepere;  dial.  27.  6;^°^  luvenal.  5.  13.  38  quondam  hoc 
indigenae  vivebant  more,  priusquam  sumeret  agrestem  posito  dia- 
demate  falcem  Saturnus  fugiens ;  Hyginus  Grom.  de  munit.  45 ; 
Suetonius  iul.  9 ;  iul.  18 ;  aug.  43  equitibus  Romanis  aliquando  usus 
est,  verum  prius  quam  senatus  consulto  interdiceretur ;  aug.  94; 
aug.  loi ;  tiber.  14  ante  paucos  vero  quam  revocaretur  dies  aquila 
...  in  culmine  domus  eius  assedit ;  tiber.  74 ;  calig.  I ;  calig.  8. 
extat  et  Augusti  epistula,  ante  paucos  quam  obiret  menses  ad 
Agrippinam  .  .  .  scripta;  nero.  56;  galba  19;  vesp.  2  natus  est  .  .  . 
quinquennio  ante  quam  Augustus  excederet ;  domit.  23  ante  paucos 
quam  occideretur  menses  cornix  in  Capitolio  elocuta  est;  reliq. 
p.  290.;  reliq.  p.  291. 

(39)  The  Imperfect  Subjunctive  was  used  in  the  generic 
sentence  of  the  past."'"' 

Cicero,  tusc.  5.  yy  adulescentium  greges  .  .  .  vidimus  .  .  .  cer- 
tantis  pugnis  .  .  .  morsu  denique,  cum  exanimarentur  prius,  quam 
victos  se  f aterentur ; '"''  Sallust  cat.  13.  3  dormire""*  priusquam 
somni  cupido  esset;  Livy.  26.  19.  5  nullo  die  prius  ullam  .  .  . 
rem  egit,  quam  in  Capitolium  iret  .  .  .  consideret  .  .  .  tereret ;  ^°' 

^°^  Gerber  and  Greet  (Lex.  Tacit.)  incorrectly  place  this  example  under 
the  head  of  Oratio  Obliqua. 

^^The  single  example  from  Plautus,  Bacch.  438  "nam  olim  populi 
prius  honorem  capiebat  suffragio,  quam  magistro  desinebat  esse  dicto 
oboediens,"  suggests  that  in  the  early  language  the  Indicative  was  used 
in  the  generic  sentence  of  the  past  as  well  as  in  that  of  the  present. 

^" Prius  quam"  here  is  equivalent  to  " poHus  quam"  which  affords  a 
reason  for  the  Subjunctive  apart  from  the  gefneric  character  of  the  sentence. 

^°*  "  Dormire  "  (historical  infinitive)  =  "  dormiebant." 

^°^  Weissenborn  comments ;  "  Stellt  nicht  zwei  historische  Fakta  neben 
einander,  sondern  deutet  das  eine  als  Ansicht  Scipios  an:  bevor  er  das 
erste  that,  glaubte  er  gehen  zu  miissen;  daher  nicht,  wie  gewohnlich,  der 
Indikativ  im  Nebensatz  nach  einem  negativen  Hauptsatz."    Anton   (Beo- 


86  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

29.  28.  6.  prius  recursum  semper  ad  naves,  quam  clamor  agrestis 
conciret,  fuerat;  44.  5.  6  solido  procedebat  elephantus  in  pontem; 
cuius  priusquam  in  extremum  procederet,  .  .  .  conlapsus  pons  .  .  . 
eum  leniter  cogebat;  Seneca,  controv.  i.  prol.  21  antequam  dicere 
inciperet  sedens  quaestiones  .  .  .  proponebat ;  Celsus  2.  7.  si  quid 
etiam  abscessit,  et  antequam  suppuraret,  .  .  .  subsedit  ...  ;  8. 
II  ea  maxilla,  quae,  .  .  .  antequam  reponeretur,  inflammationem 
movit;  Seneca,  dial.  4.  3.  3;  dial.  6.  23.  i.  antequam  obducerent  et 
altius  terrena  conciperent,  liberati,  leviores  ad  originem  suam 
revolant;  epist.  13.  i.  nam  etiam,  antequam  instrueres  te  prae- 
ceptis  .  .  .  placebas  tibi ;  epist.  19.  4.  27  et  omnis  casus,  antequam 
exciperet,  meditando  praedomuit.  Pliny  nat.  hist.  11.  211  antiqui 
abdomen  vocabant  priusquam  calleret,  incientes  occidere  non  ad- 
sueti;  nat.  hist.  18.  143  id  erat  e  pabuli  segete  viride  desectum 
antequam  genicularet;  nat.  hist.  32.  23;  Frontinus.  strateg.  i.  11. 
1 1 ;  Quintilian.  inst.  2.  20.  6.  et  si  virtutes  sunt,  ad  quas  nobis, 
etiam  ante  quam  doceremur,  initia  quaedam  ac  semina  sunt  con- 
cessa  natura ;  Silius  Italicus  2.  98  rueretque  inopina  sub  ictu  ante 
fera  incauto,  quam  sibila  poneret  arcus ;  Pliny  epist.  8.  20.  9.  quod 
(flumen)  ,  .  .  specu  mergitur  alteque  conditum  meat  ac,  si  quid, 
antequam  subduceretur,  accepit,  servat  et  profert;  Tacitus  hist.  i. 
6y.  II.  Caecina  belli  avidus  proximam  quamque  culpam,  ante- 
quam paeniteret,  ultum  ibat;  Suetonius  aug.  74.  convivia  .  .  . 
maturius  relinquebat,  cum  convivae  et  coenare  inciperent  prius 
quam  ille  discumberet,  et  permanerent  digresso  eo ;  nero  23  indices 
autem  prius  quam  inciperet  reverentissime  adloquebatur. 

(40)   Imperfect  Subjunctive — Negative  Leading  Sentences. 

The  Imperfect  Subjunctive  after  negative  leading  sentences  is 
not  common.  It  is  used,  however,  after  negative  leading  sentences 
to  express  "  volition  "  on  the  part  of  some  one  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  leading  action.  "  Volition  "  in  a  negative  sen- 
tence usually  takes  the  form  of  "  persistence,"  or  "  insistence " 
upon  the  dependent  action. 

It  is  also  used  in  a  number  of  examples  in  which  no  "  volition  " 

bacht.  p.  34) ,  "  es  soil  ausgedriickt  werden :  er  that  nichts  vor  dem  Gehen, 
so  dass  *  quam  iret '  in  gewissen  Sinne  Attribut  zu  '  egit '  ist." 

The  more  probable  explanation  of  the  Subjunctive  is  found  in  the  generic 
character  of  the  sentence. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  87 

can  be  felt ;  in  which  the  reason  for  its  use  is  obscure.  It  is  con- 
ceivable that  in  the  very  late  writers  the  Subjunctive  usage  had 
become  so  established  as  to  extend  even  to  negative  sentences,  but 
no  satisfactory  explanation  can  be  offered  of  the  examples  of  this 
sort  from  those  authors  who  regularly  use  the  Indicative  after  a 
negative  leading  sentence. 

(a)  Examples  in  which  "volition"  is  found. 

Nepos.  eumen.  4.  2  qui  .  .  .  non  prius  distracti  sunt,  quam 
alterum  anima  relinqueret;  themist.  8.  4.  inde  non  prius  egressus 
est,  quam  rex  eum  data  dextra  in  fidem  reciperet ;  chab.  2.  2  neque 
prius  inde  discessit,  quam  totam  insulam  bello  devinceret ;  Livy.  5. 
19.  II  nocte  ac  die  numquam  ante  omissum  (opus),  quam  in  arcem 
viam  facerent;^  45.  11.  3  ad  fratrem  .  .  .  non  prius  destitit  mittere, 
quam  pacem  cum  iis  confirmaret ;  Valerius  Maximus.  3.  2.  22  nee 
ante  dimicare  destitit  quam  captam  profundo  mergeret ;  3.  3.  ext.  3 
aurem  .  .  .  corripuit  nee  ante  dimisit  quam  .  .  .  vita  .  .  .pri- 
varetur;  Curtius  5.  9.  monere  .  .  .  non  ante  destitit,  quam  satis 
constaret  imperata  facturos;  Frontinus.  strateg.  i.  8.  6;  Tacitus, 
ann.  13.  20.  14  non  prius  differri  potuit  quam  Burrus  .  .  .  promit- 
teret;  Suetonius,  nero  20  ac  ne  .  .  .  quidem  .  .  .  ante  cantare 
destitit,  quam  inchoatum  absolveret  nomon. 

(b)  Examples  in  which  the  relation  between  the  clauses 
seems  to  be  purely  temporal. 

Cicero  verr.  2.  4.  26  nee  prius  illam  crucem  .  .  .  revellistis  .  .  . 
quam  Roman  .  .  .  adiretis?^"  Caesar,  b.  g.  6.  37.  2  nee  prius 
sunt  visi  obiectis  ab  ea  parte  silvis,  quam  castris  adpropinquarent.^ 

^°  Weissenborn  comments:  "nicht  *  fecerunt,'  weil  'attributae'  (in  pre- 
vious clause)  andeutet,  dass  die  Absicht  des  Feldherrn  bezeichnet  werden 
soil." 

^"^It  is  especially  to  be  noticed  in  this  sentence,  as  well  a?  in  most  of 
the  others  given  here,  that  "  ante  quam"  is  "before,"  not  "until,"  as  in 
most  negative  sentences.  The;  cross  referred  to  was  still  standing— had 
not  been  torn  down — when  Verres  came  to  Rome.  It  is  possible  to  con- 
sider the  Subjunctive  here  "prospective." 

^°^  Anton  (Beob.  p.  33)  thinks  the  Subjunctive  is  due  to  the  presence 
of  "  volition ;  "  "  obiectis  ab  ea  parte  silvis  "  suggests  this.  "  Prius  quam," 
however,  is  dependent  upon  "visi  sunt,"  and  it  is  hard  to  see  just  how 
the  possible   "  volition "  in  "  obiectis  . .  silvis  "  could  be  felt  in  "  adpro- 


88  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

usque  eo  ut  .  .  .  ;  b.  g.  8.  13.  3.  turpiter  refugerunt  nee  prius 
finem  fugae  fecerunt  .  .  .  quam  se  aut  in  castra  suorum  recip- 
erent  aut  nonnulli  pudore  coacti  iongius  profugerent ;  '"'*  Livy.  9. 
34.  2  nee  ante  continuando  abstitit  magistratu,  quam  obruerent 
eum  male  parta  .  .  .  male  retenta  imperia,"^"  ^H-  54-  ^5  vos  nee 
cupistis  haec  antequam  haberetis,  nee  nunc  .  .  .  cupere  potestis ;  ^" 
Valerius  Maximus  2.  5.  i.  statuam  auratam  nee  in  urbe  nee  in 
ulla  parte  .  .  .  quisquam  prius  aspexit  quam  a  M'.  Aeilio  Gla- 
brione  equestris  patri  poneretur;  4.  i.  13  cum  .  .  .  litterae  red- 
ditae  essent,  quibus  scriptum  erat  .  .  .  reditum  illi  in  urbem 
datum,  non  e  theatre  prius  abiit  quam  spectaculum  ederetur,  .  .  . 
sed  .  .  .  gaudium  intra  se  continuit;  4.  4.  9  eadem  gens  nullum 
ante  scrupulum  argenti  habuit  quam  Paulus  .  ..  .  genero  suo  quin- 
que  pondo  argenti  ex  praeda  donaret;  9.  2.  i.  quem  .  .  .  non  prius 
vita  privavit  quam  oculos  infelices  erueret  et  singulas  corporis 

pinquarent,"  of  which  it  is  entirely  independent.  It  is  possible  that  the 
Imperfect  Subjunctive  was  here  used  to  express  "continued  action"  in 
place  of  the  uncommon  Imperfect  Indicative:  "nor  were  they  seen  until 
they  were  drawing  near  to  the  camp."  The  sense  of  "  adpropinquare " 
does  not  lend  itself  to  the  conception  of  its  action  as  aoristic  in  this  sen- 
tence. 

^°"0n  this  passage  in  the  Book  (VIII)  of  Caesar's  Gallic  Commentaries 
commonly  ascribed  to  AulUs  Hirtius,  Anton  (Beobacht.  p.  33)  correctly 
remarks  that  "volition"  seems  possible  in  the  case  of  the  first  verb 
"reciperent"  but  not  in  that  of  the  second  "profugerent;"  and  seems 
inclined  to  ascribe  the  syntactical  lapse  to  the  lack  of  purity  in  the  style 
of  Hirtius.  If  we  grant  the  presence  of  "  volition "  in  "  reciperent," 
however,  it  was  only  natural  that  the  writer  should  have  used,  even  if 
not  altogether  logically,  the  same  mood  in  a  second  verb  connected  with 
the  first  by  so  close  a  connective  as  "  aut." 

""In  this  sentence  we  have  "persistence"  but  not  persistence  for  the 
purpose  of  bringing  about  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause  as  in  the 
sentences  containing  "volition"  of  this  kind.  Even  as  careful  a  writer 
as  Livy  might  have  lapsed  into  such  an  error  as  this,  however. 

^^ Weissenborn  comments;  "da  'haberetis'  gesagt  ist,  so  soil  nicht  eine 
blosse  zeitbestimmung  gegeben  werden,  die  vielmehr  *  habuistis  '  erwar- 
ten  Hesse,  sondern,  dem  folg.  'nunc,  cum  sit'  entsprechend,  ein  causales 
Oder  finales  Verhaltniss:  weil  ihr  nicht  hattet,  od.  um  zu  besitzen;"  but 
neither  of  these  accord  well  with  the  sense  of  the  passage.  The  meaning 
of  the  "  antequam "  here  is  "  before,"  not  "  until ;  "  Livy  regularly  used 
the  Subjunctive  with  ''antequam  (priusquam)"  meaning  "before."  The 
sense  of  the  sentence  is  destroyed  if  we  understand  it  to  be  equivalent  to 
"nee  haec  cupistis  donee  haberetis."    Anton  Beob.  p.  21. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  89 

partes  confrlngeret ;  Seneca,  controv.  7.  4.  8.  antequam  te  viderem, 
nesciebam  rhetoras  victoriatos  esse;  Pliny,  nat.  hist.  7.  i.  6;  Val- 
erius Flaccus.  argon.  4.  696 ;  Frontinus.  strateg.  2.  2.  5 ;  strateg. 
2.  5.  24 ;  strateg.  2.  11.  i ;  Tacitus  ann.  15.  39.  i.  non  ante  in  urbem 
regressus  est  quam  domui  eius,  .  .  .  ignis  propinquaret ;  hist. 
4.  60.  8.  neque  ante  preces  admissae,  quam  in  verba  Galliarum 
iurarent. 

(41)  The  Imperfect  Subjunctive  is  used  in  the  antequam 
(priusquam)  clause  when  it  is  dependent  upon  a  final  clause,  upon 
a  verb  in  an  Unreal  Condition,  upon  a  Subjunctive  after  quin, 
upon  a  Subjunctive  of  result ''^  (?)  &c.  &c. 

(a)  After  a  Final  Clause. 

Varro.  1.  1.  5.  86  ex  his  mittebantur  antequam  conciperetur,  qui 
res  repeterent;  1.  1.  5.  106;  Cicero  att.  7.  10.  i  subito  consilium 
cepi,  ut,  antequam  luceret,  exirem,  ne """  .  .  .  ;  att.  8.  12.  B.  I ; 
Caesar,  b.  g.  4.  21.  i ;  Bell.  Alex.  60;  Sallust.  iug.  25.  10  .  .  .  ut 
prius  quam  legatos  conveniret  .  .  .  potiretur;  Livy.  7.  23.  5;  31. 
10.  4 ;  34.  14.  I  nocte  media  .  .  .  profectus,  ut  locum  quem  vellet, 
priusquam  hostes  sentirent,  caperet  ...  ;  34.  46.  6;  35.  43.  3; 
45.  10.  3;  Curtius.  9.  5.  12  ut,  antequam  ultimus  spiritus  deficeret, 
dimicans  .  .  .  extingueretur  .  .  .    ;  Suetqnius  nero  47. 

(b)  Dependent  upon  verb  in  an  Unreal  (Contrary  to  Fact) 
Condition. 

Terence  adel.  396  aut  non  sex  totis  mensibus  prius  olfecissem, 
quam  ille  quicquam  coeperet?;  adel.  524  (unreal  past);  Cicero 
fam.  2.  2  qui  .  .  .  superasset  omnium  fortunam,  si  ei  contigisset, 
ut  te  ante  videret,  quam  vita  discederet ; '"  fam.  8.  16.  4  (unreal 
past)  ;  att.  10.  9  A.  4;  cato  mai.  32  (unreal  pres.)  ;  Seneca,  con- 

^"The  Subjunctive  after  sentences  of  result  is  included  here  with  some 
hesitation  as  Cicero  uses  the  Indicative  with  "antequam  (priusquam)" 
dependent  upon  a  result  clause.  The  conception  of  a  result  clause  as  the 
expression  of  a  fact,  pure  and  simple  would,  of  course,  influence  Cicero 
to  use  this  Indicative;  but  there  are  many  sentences  of  result  in  which  it 
is  very  difficult  to  feel  that  the  *'' result"  was  intended  to  express  simply 
a  fact. 

'^^  The  clause  dependent  upon  a  final  clause  is  virtually  Oratio  Obliqua. 

^" "  Si  ei  contigisset,  ut  te  ante  videret "  is  here  equivalent  in  sense  to 
"  si  te  ante  vidisset." 


go  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

trov.  I.  5.  4.  antequam  nuberes,  banc  vitiasset.  Quintilian  decL 
272,  p.  116  apparuisset  exercitus  nee  prius  desisset,  quam  incen- 
deret  .  .  .  ;  decl.  278,  p.  133  (unreal  past);  decl.  344  p.  359; 
Pliny  paneg.  10.  nisi  placuisset,  ante  quam  fieret. 

(c)  [Dependent  upon  verb  following  "  quin." 

Cicero,  leg.  agr.  2.  19  nemo  mutavit,  quin  ei,  .  .  .  ,  ante  acci- 
perent  a  populo  beneficium  quam  darent. 

(d)  [Dependent  upon  the  verb  of  a  "  result "  clause. 

Caesar,  b.  g.  6.  30.  2  accidit  .  .  .  ut  .  .  .  prius  .  .  .  adventus 
.  .  .  videretur,  quam  fama  .  .  .  adferretur ;  b.  g.  8.  3.  i ;  b.  c.  2. 
14.  2;  Nepos.  ages.  2.  2  tanta  celeritate  usus  est,  ut  prius  .  .  . 
pervenerit,  quam  .  .  .  scirent  .  .  .  ;  Livy.  i.  36.  i ;  3.  59.  4;  24. 
7.  5  tantum  intervalli  fecit,  ut  .  .  .  confoderetur  .  .  .  prius  .  .  . 
quam  succurri  posset;  28.  15.  4;  Valerius  Maximus.  7.  4.  4  quo 
evenit  ne  Hasdrubal  .  .  .  se  .  .  .  proeliat(ur)um  "'^'^  prius  sciret 
quam  .  .  .  prosterneretur ;  Seneca  controv.  i.  3.  i ;  7.  5.  7;  Pliny 
paneg.  21.  3  contigit  tibi,  ut  pater  patriae  esses,  ante  quam  fieres; 
paneg.  69.  4;  Suetonius,  claud.  12  tantum  amoris  .  .  .  collegit,  ut 
.  .  .  non  ante  destiterit,  quam  .  .  .  plures  .  .  .  affirmarent.] 

Pluperfect  Subjunctive. 

(42)  The  most  frequent  use  of  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive 
with  antequam  (priusquam)  is  a  Future  Exactum  after  a  negative 
(future)  leading  sentence,  in  past  Oratio  Obliqua. 

There  are,  however,  examples  of  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  in 
Oratio  Recta;  the  mood  in  most  instances  being  referable  to  the 
causes  given  above  as  accounting  for  the  use  of  the  Subjunctive; 
the  infrequency  of  the  tense  (Pluperfect)  has  already  been  com- 
mented upon  and  explained.  After  a  negative  leading  sentence 
its  use  was  more  common ;  after  a  positive  leading  sentence  it  could 
not,  according  to  a  strict  conception  of  the  tenses,  be  used  except 
to  denote  that  the  action  of  the  principal  verb  interrupted  that  of 
the  dependent  verb  while  in  progress;  it  was,  however,  occasionally 

"'Kempf  (Fleckeisen  Jhrbb.  1886  p.  61)  rightly  contends  that  "proelia- 
turum  "  of  the  manuscripts  should  be  "  proeliatum,"  since  "  proeliaturum  " 
is  entirely  unintelligible  here. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  91 

used  after  positive  leading  sentences  when  this  was  not  the  case, 
for  the  sake  of  emphasis ;  an  illogical  sort  of  reinforcement  of  the 
ante  quant  ( priusqitam  ) . 

Cicero,  att.  10.  17.  i  deinde  Serapion  cum  epistula  tua.  quam 
prius  quam  aperuissem,  dixi  ...  te  ad  me  de  eo  scripsisse ;  ^"  att. 
14.  20.  2  inde  ante  discessit,  quam  ilium  venisse  audissem/"  verr. 
2.  2.  171  hie  Carpinatius,  ante  quam  in  istius  familiaritatem  .  .  . 
pervenisset,  aliquotiens,  .  .  .  litteras  .  .  .  miserat;  plane.  98  qui 
antequam  de  meo  adventu  audire  potuissent  ...  in  Macedoniam 
ad  Planciumque  perrexi.''"  phil.  5.  47  ita  saepe  magna  indoles 
virtutis,  priusquam  rei  publicae  prodesse  potuisset,  extincta  est.^' 
phil.  II.  7  ponite  igitur  ante  oculos  .  .  .  inruptionem  armatorum 
.  .  .  cum  miser  ille  prius  latronum  gladios  videret,  quam,  quae 
res  esset,  audisset;  de  orat.  i.  241  num  quis  eo  testamento,  quod 
pater  familias  ante  fecit,  quam  ei  filius  natus  esset,  hereditatem 
petit?  Vergil  aen.  i.  472  ardentisque  avertit  equos  in  castra,  prius 
quam  pabula  gustassent  Troiae  Xanthumque  bibissent ; ''^  Nepos. 
epam.  3.  3  numquam  inde  prius  discessit,  quam  ad  finem  sermo 
esset  adductus.^"  Livy  7.  13.  6  priusquam  expertus  nos  esses,  de 
nobis  ita  desperasti,  ut  .  .  .  .  ;  Valerius  Maximus  9.  2  ext.  2. 
neque  ante  sanguine  explebatur  quam  ad  unum  victorem  omnes 
redegisset;  Quintilian  decl.  263.  p.  76;  Suetonius.'"'  tiber.  18. 
commeatum  .  .  .  non  ante  transmisit,  quam  .  .  .  explorasset 
vehiculorum  onera;  calig.  9  non  enim  prius  destiterunt,  quam 
ablegari  eum  .  .  .  animadvertissent ;  ''''^  calig.  28  nee  ante  satiatus 
est  quam  membra  .  .  .  tracta  per  vicos  .  .  .  vidisset;  claud.  i. 
hostem  .  .  .  non  prius  destitit  insequi,  quam  species  .  .  .  mulieris 
.  .  .  victorem  tendere  ultra  .  .  .  prohibuisset.'" 

(43)  [A  few  sentences  occur  in  which  the  temporal  feeling  of 
the  conjunction  has  been  almost  entirely  lost,  the  sense  being 
nearly  that  of  "  potius  quam." 

^^^  Antequam  {priusquam)  =:  antequam   {priusquam)  ut. 

^"Volition  may  have  been  felt. 

^^" Volition"  is  here  very  evident,  but  that  prius  quam  =^ prius  quam 
ut  is  also  entirely  in  accordance  with  the  sense  of  the  passage. 

''^' Anton  (Beobacht.  p.  36)  finds  "volition"  in  this  example. 

^°  Suetonius  has  no  certain  example  of  the  Aorist  (Perfect)  Indicative 
after  either  negative  or  positive  leading  sentences. 

'21 "  Volition  "  may  have  been  felt  here. 


92  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

Cicero  c.  rabir.  15  sed  moreretur  prius  acerbissisima  morte  .  .  . 
quam  in  eius  contione  carnifex  consisteret ;  ^'"'^  ligar.  34  quis  est 
.  .  .  qui  hoc  non  sentiat,  quidvis  prius  futurum  fuisse,  quam  ut  hi 
fratres  diversas  sententias  .  .  .  sequerentur ;  ^'  piso  58.  cur  hunc 
non  audistis  tarn  doctum  hominem,  .  .  .  prius  quam  in  istum 
errorem  induceremini  ?  ^  Ovid.  her.  ep.  15.  49  ante  recessisset 
caput  hoc  cervice  cruenta,  quam  tu  de  thalamis  abstraherere 
meis ;  ^  Velleius  Paterculus  2.  87.  3  Brutus  et  Cassius  ante  quam 
victorum  experirentur  animum,  voluntaria  morte  obierunt.] 

(44)  In  the  generic  sentence  of  the  past  with  a  negative 
leading  sentence.'^ 

Valerius  Maximus  2.  6.  2.  eiusdem  civitatis  exercitus  non  ante 
ad  dimicandum  descendere  solebant  quam  tibiae  . .  .  calorem  animo 
traxissent ;  2.  6.  16  nam  Persarum  .  .  .  institutum  fuit,  quod  Hb- 
eros  suos  non  prius  aspiciebant  quam  septimum  annum  imples- 
sent;  9.  13.  ext.  3  nee  prius  se  .  .  .  lecto  committebat  quam  .  .  . 
diligenter  esset  scrutatus ;  Pliny  nat.  hist.  18.  8.  ac  ne  degusta- 
bant  quidem  novas  fruges  aut  vina  antequam  sacerdotes  primitias 
libassent. 

(45)  Closely  related  to  the  preceding  are  sentences  which  are 
not  generic  but  in  which  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  was  felt  as  a 
Future  Exactum  from  a  past,  the  leading  sentence  being  negative ; 
in  such  sentences  we  have  a  sub-Oratio  Obliqua. 

Cicero  fam.  11.  13.  i  Caesari  non  credebam,  priusquam  con- 
venissem  et  collocutus  essem;  verr.  2.  3.  133  nee  ilium  ante  tibi 
satis  facere  (oporttiit),  quam  tu  omnium  existimationi  satis 
fecisses ;  balb.  28  cum  banc  ante  amittere  non  potuissent,  quam 
hoc  solum  civitatis  mutatione  vertissent.  Livy  22.  7.  11  circum- 
fundebanturque  obviis  sciscitantes  neque  avelli,  .  .  .  priusquam 
ordine  omnia  inquisissent,  poterant;  24.  16.  ii.  tum  Gracchus 
'  priusquam  omnes  iure  libertatis  aequassem '  inquit,  '  neminem 

^'''The  dependence  upon  the  verb  of  an  Unreal  Condition  must  be 
noted. 

^''^ Anton  (Beobacht.)  p.  31.  "Man  sieht,  dass  sie  (diese  Stelle) 
einen  Bericht  iiber  eine  Sache  nicht  enthaltet" 

^^*It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  Imperfect  in  the  negative  leading  sentence 
makes  the  dependent  verb  in  effect  a  Future  Exactum  from  the  past. 


Sentences  of  Past  Time  93 

nota  strenui  aut  ignavi  militis  notasse  volui ;  24.  18.  9  senatus  con- 
sultum,  ut  ei  omnes  .  .  .  mitterentur  ...  in  Siciliam  .  .  .  cui 
militum  generi  non  prius,  quam  pulsus  Italia  hostis  esset,  finitum 
stipendiorum  tempus  erat ;  '^'^  26.  41.  3  nemo  ante  me  .  .  .  militibus 
suis,  priusquam  opera  eorum  usus  esset,  gratias  agere  iure  ac 
merito  potuit. 

(46)  In  sentences  in  which  the  antequam  (priusquam) 
clause  depended  upon  a  negative  ""^  result  clause. 

Caesar  b.  g.  4.  12.  2  ita  perterritos  egerunt,  ut  non  prius  fuga 
desisterent,  quam  in  conspectum  agminis  nostri  venissent;  Valer- 
ius Maximus  4.  i.  2  cuius  tam  moderatus  .  .  .  transitus  fuit,  ut, 
.  .  .  ,  non  prius  Veios  .  .  .  iret  quam  de  dictatura  .  .  .  com- 
perisset;  Suetonius  iul.  6"]  adeo,  ut  .  .  .  barbam  capillumque 
summiserit  nee  ante  dempserit  quam  vindicasset  .  .  .  ;  calig.  3 
.  .  .  ut  .  .  .  non  prius  suscensere  in  animum  induxerit,  quam 
veneficiis  .  .  .  impugnari  se  comperisset;  otho  2.  tantum  .  .  . 
valuit,  ut  .  .  .  prius  quam  .  .  .  restitutionem  ei  impetrasset  non 
dubitaret  .  .  .  introducere. 

(47)  In  sentences  in  which  the  antequam  (priusquam) 
clause  depended  upon  a  verb  in  an  Unreal  (Contrary  to  Fact) 
Condition.''' 

Plautus.  rud.  494  utinam  te  prius  quam  .  .  .  vidissem  .  .  . 
cruciatu  in  Sicilia(m)  perbiteres ; "'"  Cicero."'  sulla  44  cum  .  .  . 

"^  Weissenborn  comments:  "  der  Konjunktiv  aus  dem  Sinne  des  diese 
Frist  feststellenden  Senats. 

"^^  A  single  example  with  positive  leading  sentence  occurs ;  Cicero,  imp. 
pomp.  62.  *  quid  tam  singulare  ut  ex  senatus  consulto  .  .  consul  ante 
fieret  quam  ullum  alium  magistratum  per  leges  capere  licuisset?'  'liceret' 
would  have  been  more  in  accordance  with  the  common  usage.  It  has 
already  been  remarked,  however,  that  the  tense  usage  with  verbs  denoting 
"  possibility,"  "  duty,"  "  obligation,"  "  permission,"  &c.  show  many  depar- 
tures from  the  accepted  usage. 

^"As  shown  above  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  was  also  used  in  sentences 
of  this  kind. 

^^®  Cf.  Plautus  capt.  537  "  utinam  te  di  prius  perderent  quam  periisti  e 
patria  tua." 

^  Cic.  fam.  3.  6.  2.  *  nisi  ego  successor  essem,  .  .  .  .  te  antea,  quam  tibi 
successum  esset,  decessurum  f uisse ; '  "  decessurum  f uisse "  is  an  unreal 
past  apodosis  in  Oratio  Obliqua.    Similar  is  Cicero  de  orat.  i.  168. 


94  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

prius  etiam  edituri  indicium  fuerint  scribae  mei,  si  voluisses, 
quam  in  codicem  rettulissent,  .  .  .  cur  tacuisti  .  .  .  ? ;  tusc.  4.  79 ; 
Nepos.  iphic.  2.  5.  nam  nisi  eius  adventus  appropinquasset,  non 
prius  Thebam  Sparta  abscessissent,  quam  captam  incendio  deles- 
sent.  Ovid,  metam.  9.  532  nee  cognita  Byblis  ante  forem,  quam 
spes  votorum  certa  fuisset;  Livy  2.  i.  4  quid  enim  futurum  fuit, 
si  ilia  .  .  .  plebs  .  .  .  coepta  esset  .  .  .  serere  certamina,  prius- 
quam pignera  coniugum  ac  liberorum  .  .  .  animos  eorum  conso- 
ciasset?;  30.  31.  7  et  violenter  me  faterer  facere,  si,  priusquam  in 
African  traiecissem,  te  tua  voluntate  cedentem  Italia  .  .  .  asper- 
narer. 

ORATIO  OBLIQUA  SENTENCES   OF  THE  PAST. 

(48)  In  sentences  in  Oratio  Obliqua  in  which  either  the  govern- 
ing "  verbum  sentiendi  aut  declarandi,"  or  the  verb  upon  which 
the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause  depends,  is  past,  the  tenses  of 
the  Subjunctive  which  are  almost  exclusively  used  in  the  ante- 
quam (priusquam)  clause  are  the  Imperfect  and  Pluperfect.  The 
Perfect  is  used  in  a  very  few  sentences  as  the  result  of  "  represen- 
tatio  "  or  because  the  verb  introducing  the  Oratio  Obliqua  is 
present  or  future  and  is  allowed  to  control  the  sequence  rather 
than  the  past  infinitive  upon  which  the  antequam  (priusquam) 
clause  depends;  (see  examples). 

In  Oratio  Obliqua,  as  in  Oratio  Recta,  a  negative  is  usually 
found  in  the  leading  sentence  when  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive 
is  used  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  clause,  whether  as  a  past 
tense,  which  is  not  common,  or  as  a  future  exactum ;  the  excep- 
tions being  of  the  same  character  and  to  be  explained  in  the  same 
way  as  the  parallel  occurrences  in  Oratio  Recta. 

FUTURE  SENTENCES  IN  ORATIO  OBLIQUA  OF 
THE  PAST. 

(49)  The  tense  usage  in  Future  sentences  of  past  Oratio 
Obliqua  is  entirely  corroborative  of  the  principles  enunciated  in 
regard  to  Future  sentences  in  Oratio  Recta. 

When  the  leading  future  sentence  is  positive  the  Imperfect  Sub- 


Future  Sentences  in  Oratio  Obliqua  95 

junctive  is  used  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  sentence;  when 
the  leading  future  sentence  is  negative,  the  Pluperfect  Subjunc- 
tive is  used  in  the  antequam  (priusquam)  sentence.*^" 

(a)  Positive  leading  sentences.     Imperfect  Subjunctive. 

Cicero,  fam.  10.  33.  2  verebar,  ne,  .  .  .  antequam  ego  incepta 
perficerem,  .  .  .  consilium  meum  raperent  in  contrariam  partem; 
fam.  II.  20.  2;  att.  4.  i.  i.  att.  4.  11.  i.  dixit  .  .  .  eum  et  se  .  .  . 
venturos  .  .  .  quaesivi,  gladiatoribusne.  respondit,  antequam  in- 
ducerentur ;  att.  7.  8.  4;  att.  8.  11.  D.  5 ;  att.  10.  4.  8  itaque,  ei  cum 
certissimum  fuisset,  antequam  proficisceretur,  contionem  habere 
. . .  ;  att.  15.  I.  a.  2 ;  quinct.  86 ;  leg.  agr.  2.  90.  verum  arbitrabantur 
.  .  .  non  defore,  qui  .  .  .  ante  omnia  commutarent  quam  nos  audire 
possemus;  deiot.  17;  phil.  2.  80;  de  div.  i.  57;  de  orat.  i.  143  ac- 
ceperam,  ante  quam  de  re  diceremus,  .  .  .  conciliandos  eorum 
esse  animos ;  Caesar  b.  g.  i.  19.  3 ;  b.  g.  3.  10.  3 ;  b.  g.  6.  5.  5  haec 
prius  illi  detrahenda  auxilia  existimabat,  quam  .  .  .  bello  laces- 
seret;  b.  c.  i.  29.  i.;  b.  c.  i.  6y.  i.;  b.  c.  3.  11.  i.  Vibullius  .  .  . 
necessarium  esse  existimavit  .  .  .  Pompeium  fieri  certiorem,  uti 
.  .  .  consilium  capere  posset,  antequam  de  mandatis  agi  incipere- 
tur ; '"  b.  c.  3.  80.  6 ;  b.  c.  3.  86.  i ;  b.  c.  3.  86.  3  persuasi  . .  .  ut  .  .  . 
prius  perturbatum  exercitum  pellerent,  quam  .  .  .  telum  .  .  . 
iaceretur ;  Bell.  Afr.  74.  2 ;  92 ;  Bell.  Alex.  33. 2  deducere  ex  regno 
statuit,  ne  qua  .  .  .  dissensio,  priusquam  .  .  .  confirmarentur 
.  .  .  imperia,  per  homines  .  .  .  nasceretur ;  ^^  Nepos.  datam  6.  I ; 
milt.  5.  4;  Sallust.  cat.  32.  i;  cat.  44.  3;  hist.  3.  8.  (R)  ;  Livy 

^°  It  is,  of  course,  known  to  all  (though  nowhere,  I  think,  explicitly 
stated  as  it  should  be  in  Latin  Grammars)  that  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive 
is  the  regular  first  future  of  the  Subjunctive  from  a  past  point  of  view, 
and  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  its  future  exactum. 

'^^  Under  the  word  "  ante  quam  "  in  the  lately  published  Vol.  11.  fasc.  I 
of  the  Thesaurus  Linguae  Latinae,  the  statement  is  made  that  in  Caesar 
"  antequam  "  only  occurs  bell.  civ.  i.  2.  2.  The  example  here  quoted  bell, 
civ.  3.  II.  I.  is  omitted,  although  all  recent  editors  read  "antequam"  in 
this  passage,  and  give  no  variant  in  crit  apparat.  See  Kiibler  (1894), 
Kraner  (Hofmann)  (1890),  and  Doberenz  (1876).  The  omission  is  due 
to  the  employment  of  the  Meusel  Lexicon  of  Caesar  (1866)  by  the  com- 
pilers of  the  Thesaurus.  Meusel  used  the  earlier  Kraner  text  of  Caesar  in 
which  '  quam  '  is  read  in  this  passage  instead  of  '  antequam.' 

*''"  Occasional  examples  occur  under  this  head  in  which  the  Imperfect 
instead  of  Pluperfect  after  a  negative  leading  sentence  is  used. 


98  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

senatum  .  .  .  adissent,  Veios  iretur;  5.  15.  4;  7.  14.  8;'^^  21.  24. 
4;  21.  31.  2  minus  obvium  fore  Romanum  credens,  cum  quo, 
priusquam  in  Italiam  ventum  foret,  non  erat  in  animo  manus  con- 
serere;  22.  25.  11 ;  22.  34.  7;  23.  11.  5 ;  23.  31.  8;  26.  i.  2  .  .  .  ne 
a  Capua,  quam  obsidebant,  abscederent  prius  quam  expugnassent ; 
2y.  20.  5 ;  2J.  40.  8;  2^.  50.  II ;  28.  34.  7;  29.  15.  8  .  .  .  neque,  si 
postularent,  senatum  dari,  priusquam  imperata  fecissent;  30.  5.  6; 
30.  40.  6;  30.  40.  8;  32.  8.  3  ;  33.  49.  2  cum  .  .  .  exposuissent  .  .  . 
baud  quieturum  eum,  antequam  bellum  toto  orbe  terrarum  con- 
cisset;  34.  20.  5;  35-  5-  2;  35.  20.  14;  35.  25.  3;  38.  13.  10  edixit, 
ne  Romani  milites  acciperent,  priusquam  Attali  auxilia  accepis- 
sent;  38.  25.  i ;  38.  52.  10;  42.  8.  8;  42.  26.  9;  43.  16.  13  negarunt 
se  prius  quidquam  .  .  .  gesturos,  quam  iudicium  populi  de  se 
factum  esset ;  45.  21.  6 ;  Valerius  Maximus.  5.  8.  3  ;  7.  3.  i ;  9.  3.  i 
monente  Fabio  Maximo  ne  ante  descenderent  in  aciem  quam  .  .  . 
vires  .  .  .  cognosset ;  Curtius.  6.  8.  24 ;  7.  4. ;  Seneca  nat.  quaest. 
2.  26.  2.     Frontinus.  strateg.  2.  3.  5. 

(c)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive.  Positive  leading  sentence 
(rare). 

Cicero,  quinct.  9.  ita  constituit  .  .  .  iudicium,  ut  reus,  antequam 
verbum  accusatoris  audisset,  causam  dicere  cogeretur;  dom.  141 
non  potuit  .  .  .  peccare  .  .  .  illo  .  .  .  magistro,  qui  cogeretur 
docere  ante,  quam  ipse  didicisset;  brut.  195  cum  ita  heres  insti- 
tutus  esset,  *  si  pupillus  ante  mortuus  esset  quam  in  suam  tutelam 
venisset,'  .  .  .  ;  top.  44;'^''  Caesar,  b,  g.  2.  32.  i.  respondit;  se 
.  .  .  civitatem  conservaturum,  si  priusquam  murum  aries  atti- 
gisset,  se  dedissent;  b.  g.  7.  56.  i.  censuit,  .  .  .  ut  prius,  quam 
essent  maiores  eo  coactae  copiae,  dimicaret;  Nepos.  eum  8.  6. 
intellegebat  prius  adversarios  rescituros  de  suo  adventu,  quam 
ipse  tertiam  partem  confecisset  itineris. 

PAST  ANTEQUAM  (PRIUSQUAM)  CLAUSES  IN  O.  O. 
OF  THE  PAST. 

(50)  (a)  Imperfect  Subjunctive.    Positive  leading  sentence. 

Terence,  heaut.  816.  ne  me  istuc  ex  te  prius  audisse  gaudeo, 
quam  argentum  haberes ;  Lucretius.  3.  588;  Cicero  att.  12.  21.  i ; 

"*  Perfect  Subjunctive;  present  leading  tense. 

"°  The  passage  in  which  "  antequam "  here  occurs  is  nearly  identical 
with  the  preceding  example  Brut.  195,  and  is  bracketed  by  Miiller  in  his 
text. 


Past  Sentences  in  Oratio  Oblioua  99 

quinct.  88.  confirmavi  necesse  esse,  .  .  .  ante  in  possessionem 
misisse,  quam  postularet;  de  div.  i.  iii;  Caesar  b.  g.  7.  82.  4; 
b.  g.  8.  50.  3;  Livy.  i.  i.  7  tradunt,  alii  .  .  .  priusquam  signa 
canerent,  processisse  Latinum;  3.  39.  2;  4.  41.  4;  10.  2.  3;  22. 
38.  9;  23.  6.  6  quo  priusquam  iretur  certumque  defectionis  con- 
silium esset,  Romam  legatos  missos  .  .  .  invenio ;  24.  40.  11; 
26.  2.  7 ;  26.  2.  8 ;  26.  8.  i ;  26.  16.  4  lectum  quoque  senatus  con- 
sultum,  priusquam  securi  feriret,  quidam  auctores  sunt ;  26.  34.  3 ; 
26.  34.  9;  28.  15.  2;  34.  62.  14;  42.  47.  2.  adeo  .  .  .  fuisse  instruc- 
tum  .  .  .  ut  .  .  .  loca  praeoccupari  ante  ab  eo  potuerint,  quam 
exercitus  .  .  .  traiceretur;  45.  22.  3;  C.  lul.  Hyginus.  fab.  74; 
Valerius  Maximus.  7.  2.  ext.  5;  Seneca,  controv.  i.  2.  19;  con- 
trov.  y.  y.  17  itaque  ante  se  voluisse  redimere  quam  posset  aliquid 
.  .  .  constitui;  controv.  10.  5.  15;  Velleius  Paterculus  i.  7.  3; 
Curtius.  8.  2.  40;  8.  8.  7  Attalum,  antequam  rex  essem,  hostem 
.  .  .  fuisse  meministi;  Seneca,  dial.  8.  5.  5;  nat.  quaest.  7.  5.  3 ; 
epist.  54.  4.  si  quid  in  hac  re  tormenti  est,  necesse  est  et  fuisse, 
antequam  prodiremus  in  lucem;  Pliny,  nat.  hist.  33.  82;  nat. 
hist.  35.  15;  nat.  hist.  35.  156;  Quintilian.  inst.  2.  17.  11  fuisse 
eam,  antequam  esset  ars,  confitebor;  inst.  11.  3.  158;  decl.  250 
p.  25;  decl.  267  p.  91;  decl.  307  p.  207;  decl.  309  p.  217  negat 
.  .  .  expletum  esse  ius,  quod  ante  optaverit  quam  certum  esset 
rapuisse  eum ;  decl.  322.  p.  267 ;  decl.  351.  p.  380 ;  decl.  385.  p.  431 ; 
Tacitus,  ann.  2.  73.  13 ;  ann.  6.  23.  5 ;  hist.  4.  52.  i  Titum,  ante- 
quam digrederetur,  multo  apud  patrem  sermone  orasse  ferunt; 
hist.  4.  54.  14;  Suetonius,  aug.  94;  aug.  94;  calig.  59  satis  con- 
stat, prius  quam  id  fieret  hortorum  custodes  umbris  inquietatos ; 
vesp.  5. 

(b)  Imperfect  Subjunctive.     Negative  leading  sentence. 
Cicero,    de   orat.    i.    180   nisi  .  .  .  antequam   in  .  .  .  tutelam 

veniret,  mortuus  esset,  heredem  eum  esse  posse ;  Livy.  7.  42.  3 ; 
21.  30.  2;  34.  41.  5  cum  Philippo  non  ante  desitum  bellari,  quam 
omnibus  execederet  Graeciae  urbibus;  Valerius  Maximus.  9. 
12.  ext.  7;  Frontinus.  strateg.  i.  i.  6.  Tacitus,  ann.  13.  9.  16 
testante  .  .  .  non  prius  conversum  regem  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  dux 
.  .  .  spes  ...  ad  metum  mutaret. 

(c)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive.     Positive  leading  sentence. 
Terence,    hec.    145    narratque,  .  .  .  se  .  .  .  ante    quam    eam 

uxorem   duxisset  domum,   sperasse   eas   tolerare   posse   nuptias; 


98  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

senatum  .  .  .  adissent,  Veios  iretur;  5.  15.  4;  7.  14,  8;^'^  21.  24. 
4;  21.  31.  2  minus  obvium  fore  Romanum  credens,  cum  quo, 
priusquam  in  Italiam  ventum  foret,  non  erat  in  animo  manus  con- 
serere;  22.  25.  11 ;  22.  34.  7;  23.  11.  5;  23.  31.  8;  26.  i.  2  .  .  .  ne 
a  Capua,  quam  obsidebant,  abscederent  prius  quam  expugnassent ; 
2'j.  20.  5 ;  2y.  40.  8;  2^.  50.  11 ;  28.  34.  7;  29.  15.  8  .  .  .  neque,  si 
postularent,  senatum  dari,  priusquam  imperata  fecissent;  30.  5.  6; 
30.  40.  6 ;  30.  40.  8 ;  32.  8.  3  ;  33.  49.  2  cum  .  .  .  exposuissent  .  .  . 
baud  quieturum  eum,  antequam  bellum  toto  orbe  terrarum  con- 
cisset;  34.  20.  5;  35-  5-  2;  35-  20.  14;  35.  25.  3;  38.  13.  10  edixit, 
ne  Romani  milites  acciperent,  priusquam  Attali  auxilia  accepis- 
sent;  38.  25.  i ;  38.  52.  10;  42.  8.  8;  42.  26.  9;  43.  16.  13  negarunt 
se  prius  quidquam  .  .  .  gesturos,  quam  indicium  populi  de  se 
factum  esset ;  45.  21.  6 ;  Valerius  Maximus.  5.  8.  3  ;  7.  3.  i ;  9.  3.  i 
monente  Fabio  Maximo  ne  ante  descenderent  in  aciem  quam  .  .  . 
vires  .  .  .  cognosset ;  Curtius.  6.  8.  24 ;  7.  4. ;  Seneca  nat.  quaest. 
2.  26.  2.     Frontinus.  strateg.  2.  3.  5. 

(c)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive.  Positive  leading  sentence 
(rare). 

Cicero,  quinct.  9.  ita  constituit  .  .  .  indicium,  ut  reus,  antequam 
verbum  accusatoris  audisset,  causam  dicere  cogeretur;  dom.  141 
non  potuit  .  .  .  peccare  .  .  .  illo  .  .  .  magistro,  qui  cogeretur 
docere  ante,  quam  ipse  didicisset;  brut.  195  cum  ita  heres  insti- 
tutus  esset,  '  si  pupillus  ante  mortuus  esset  quam  in  suam  tutelam 
venisset,'  .  .  .  ;  top.  44;^*  Caesar,  b.  g.  2.  32.  i.  respondit;  se 
.  .  .  civitatem  conservaturum,  si  priusquam  murum  aries  atti- 
gisset,  se  dedissent;  b.  g.  7.  56.  i.  censuit,  .  .  .  ut  prius,  quam 
essent  maiores  eo  coactae  copiae,  dimicaret;  Nepos.  eum  8.  6. 
intellegebat  prius  adversarios  rescituros  de  suo  adventu,  quam 
ipse  tertiam  partem  confecisset  itineris. 

PAST  ANTEQUAM  (PRIUSQUAM)  CLAUSES  IN  O.  O. 
OF  THE  PAST. 

(50)  (a)  Imperfect  Subjunctive.    Positive  leading  sentence. 

Terence,  heaut.  816.  ne  me  istuc  ex  te  prius  audisse  gaudeo, 

quam  argentum  haberes ;  Lucretius.  3.  588;  Cicero  att.  12.  21.  i ; 

***  Perfect  Subjunctive;  present  leading  tense. 

'"'  The  passage  in  which  "  antequam "  here  occurs  is  nearly  identical 
with  the  preceding  example  Brut.  195,  and  is  bracketed  by  Miiller  in  his 
text. 


Past  Sentences  in  Oratio  Oblioua  99 

quinct.  88.  confirmavi  necesse  esse,  .  .  .  ante  in  possessionem 
misisse,  quam  postularet;  de  div.  i.  iii;  Caesar  b.  g.  7.  82.  4; 
b.  g.  8.  50.  3;  Livy.  i.  i.  7  tradunt,  alii  .  .  .  priusquam  signa 
canerent,  processisse  Latinum;  3.  39.  2;  4.  41.  4;  10.  2.  3;  22. 
38.  9;  23.  6.  6  quo  priusquam  iretur  certumque  defectionis  con- 
silium esset,  Romam  legatos  missos  .  .  .  invenio ;  24.  40.  11; 
26.  2.  7 ;  26.  2.  8 ;  26.  8.  i ;  26.  16.  4  lectum  quoque  senatus  con- 
sultum,  priusquam  securi  feriret,  quidam  auctores  sunt;  26.  34.  3; 
26.  34.  9;  28.  15.  2;  34.  62.  14;  42.  47.  2.  adeo  .  .  .  fuisse  instruc- 
tum  .  .  .  ut  .  .  .  loca  praeoccupari  ante  ab  eo  potuerint,  quam 
exercitus  .  .  .  traiceretur;  45.  22.  3;  C.  lul.  Hyginus.  fab.  74; 
Valerius  Maximus.  7.  2.  ext.  5;  Seneca,  controv.  I.  2.  19;  con- 
trov.  y.j.  17  itaque  ante  se  voluisse  redimere  quam  posset  aliquid 
.  .  .  constitui;  controv.  10.  5.  15;  Velleius  Paterculus  i.  7.  3; 
Curtius.  8.  2.  40;  8.  8.  7  Attalum,  antequam  rex  essem,  hostem 
.  .  .  fuisse  meministi;  Seneca,  dial.  8.  5.  5;  nat.  quaest.  7.  5.  3 ; 
epist.  54.  4.  si  quid  in  hac  re  tormenti  est,  necesse  est  et  fuisse, 
antequam  prodiremus  in  lucem;  Pliny,  nat.  hist.  33.  82;  nat. 
hist.  35.  15;  nat.  hist.  35.  156;  Quintilian.  inst.  2.  17.  11  fuisse 
eam,  antequam  esset  ars,  confitebor;  inst.  11.  3.  158;  decl.  250 
p.  25;  decl.  267  p.  91;  decl.  307  p.  207;  decl.  309  p.  217  negat 
.  .  .  expletum  esse  ius,  quod  ante  optaverit  quam  certum  esset 
rapuisse  eum ;  decl.  322.  p.  267 ;  decl.  351.  p.  380 ;  decl.  385.  p.  431 ; 
Tacitus,  ann.  2.  73.  13 ;  ann.  6.  23.  5 ;  hist.  4.  52.  i  Titum,  ante- 
quam digrederetur,  multo  apud  patrem  sermone  orasse  ferunt; 
hist.  4.  54.  14;  Suetonius,  aug.  94;  aug.  94;  calig.  59  satis  con- 
stat, prius  quam  id  fieret  hortorum  custodes  umbris  inquietatos ; 
vesp.  5. 

(b)  Imperfect  Subjunctive.     Negative  leading  sentence. 
Cicero,   de  orat.    i.    180   nisi  .  .  .  antequam   in  .  .  .  tutelam 

veniret,  mortuus  esset,  heredem  eum  esse  posse ;  Livy.  7.  42.  3 ; 
21.  30.  2;  34.  41.  5  cum  Philippo  non  ante  desitum  bellari,  quam 
omnibus  execederet  Graeciae  urbibus;  Valerius  Maximus.  9. 
12.  ext.  7;  Frontinus.  strateg.  i.  i.  6.  Tacitus,  ann.  13.  9.  16 
testante  .  .  .  non  prius  conversum  regem  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  dux 
.  .  .  spes  ...  ad  metum  mutaret. 

(c)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive.     Positive  leading  sentence. 
Terence,    hec.    145    narratque,  .  .  .  se  .  .  .  ante    quam    eam 

uxorem   duxisset  domum,   sperasse   eas   tolerare   posse   nuptias; 


100  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

Cicero  verr.  2.  2.  55  de  hoc,  qui,  antequam  aditum  in  ius  esset, 
antequam  mentio  .  .  .  controversiae  facta  esset  ulla,  discessisset, 
putabant  nihil  agi  posse;  de  div.  i.  56  hoc,  ante  quam  tribunus 
plebi  C.  Gracchus  factus  esset,  et  se  audisse  scribit  Caelius ;  Caesar 
b.  g.  I.  43.  6  docebat  .  .  .  ut  omni  tempore  totius  Galliae  princi- 
patum  Haedui  tenuissent,  prius  etiam,  quam  nostram  amicitiam 
adpetissent;  Catullus  68.  82  coniugis  ante  coacta  novi  dimittere 
collum,  quam  .  .  .  una  atque  altera  .  .  .  hiems  .  .  .  avidum 
saturasset  amorem ;  ^*"  Curtius  3.  5.  6  (dixit)  instare  Dareum,  vic- 
torem,  antequam  vidisset  hostem. 

(d)  Pluperfect  Subjunctive.     Negative  leading  sentence. 

Cicero,  quint,  frat.  i.  2.  8.  Statins  mihi  narravit  .  .  .  ;  ante- 
quam vero  ipse  ad  te  venisset,  nullum  delectum  litterarum  fuisse ; 
tusc.  I.  57  nisi  animus,  ante  quam  in  corpus  intravisset,  in  rerum 
cognitione  vignisset;  de  orat.  i.  170.  solitus  est  .  .  .  dicere  .  .  ,  , 
neque  se  ante  causas  .  .  .  agere  coepisse,  quam  ius  civile  didi- 
cisset;  Livy.  27.  45.  3  .  .  .  quippe  ad  quod  bellum  collega  non 
ante,  quam  .  .  .  datae  ab  senatu  copiae  fuissent,  .  .  .  profec- 
tus  sit  .  .  .  ;  Valerius  Maximus  8.  13.  ext.  i.  eundem  ferunt 
.  .  .  perstare  solitum,  non  ante  moto  pede  quam  consimili  labore 
iuvenes  fatigasset ;  Curtius  8.  5.  ne  Herculem  quidem  et  Patrem 
Liberum  prius  dicatos  deos,  quam  vicissent  secum  viventium 
invidiam. 

(e)  Perfect  Subjunctive.     Positive  leading  sentence. 

Cicero,  att.  13.  37.  3  laudationem  Porciae  gaudeo  me  ante 
dedisse  .  .  .  tabellario,  quam  tuas  acceperim  litteras ;  fam.  9.  10.  3 
te  tamen  hoc  scire  volo,  vementer  populum  sollicitum  fuisse,  de 
P.  SuUae  morte  ante  quam  certum  scierit;  div.  caecil.  29.  dico 
.  .  .  te,  antequam  de  Sicilia  decesseris,  in  gratiam  redisse  cum 
Verre;  tusc.  5.  116  primum  cogitare  debent,  ante  quam  hi  sint 
inventi,  multos  beate  vixisse  sapientes;  brut.  330.  doleo  me  in 
vitam  paulo  serius  .  .  .  ingressum,  priusquam  confectum  iter  sit 
.  .  .  ;  orat.  120  nescire  autem  quid  ante  quam  natus  sis  accident, 
id  est  semper  esse  puerum.     Quintilian  decl.  324.  p.  276. 

^*°  Ellis  (Catullus)  on  this  passage  comments:  "'saturasset/  her  pur- 
pose was  baffled;"  the  explanation  of  the  Subjunctive  is  rather  to  be 
found  in  the  implied  Oratio  Obliqua. 


Infinitive  Construction  loi 

(f)   Perfect  Subjunctive.     Negative  leading  sentence. 

Cicero,  de  fin.  5.  4  scis  .  .  .  me  .  .  .  venisse  tecum  neque  ad 
hospitem  ante  devertisse,  quam  Pythagorae  ipsum  ilium  locum, 
.  .  .  viderim;  Livy  23.  15.  13  .  .  .  multos  sibi  .  .  .  referre  .  .  . 
utique  .  .  .  non  prius  pugna  abstiterit,  quam  prope  exsanguis  .  .  . 
sit  oppressus ;  42.  52.  14  animum  habendum  esse,  quem  habuerint 
maiores,  .  .  .  qui  .  .  .  ,  nee  ante  vincere  desierint,  quam  .  .  . 
quod  vincerent  defuerit;  Curtius.  4.  13  credisne"^  me  prius  som- 
num  capere  potuisse,  quam  exonerarim  animum  sollicitudine  .  .  .  ? 
Suetonius,  aug.  16. 

INFINITIVE    CONSTRUCTION. 

(51)  An  interesting  variation  is  afforded  by  those  sentences 
(most  of  them  O ratio  Obliqua)  in  which  the  conjunction  loses  its 
subordinating  force  and  is  followed  by  the  infinitive,  in  some  cases 
with  subject  accusative.^" 

Plautus  bacch.  10 17  prius  te  cavisse  ergo  quam  pudere  aequom 
fuit.  Lucretius  5.  579;  Cicero  fam.  9.  15.  4  et  ante  audio  s.  c.  in 
Armeniam  .  .  .  esse  perlatum,  .  .  .  ,  quam  omnino  mentionem 
ullam  de  ea  re  esse  factam ;  fam.  10.  8.  i ;  att.  2.  20.  2 ;  att.  14. 
16.  4;  att.  15.  17.  I  permoleste  tuli  quemquam  prius  audisse  quam 
me ;  cat.  3.  7  cum  .  .  .  litteras  a  me  prius  aperiri  quam  ad  sena- 
tum  deferri  placeret  .  .  .  ;  ligar.  3;  quinct.  54;  scaur.  [4c.  2.  i] 
prius  ilium  sepultum  quam  huic  cenam  sublatam;  re  pub.  2.  19; 
de  div.  2.  68.  Caesar  b.  g.  i.  44.  7 ;  b.  c.  3.  i.  5  ;  b.  c.  3.  49.  i  voces 
.  .  .  audiebantur  prius  se  cortice  ex  arboribus  victuros,  quam 
Pompeium  e  manibus  dimissuros.  Sallust.  iug.  20.  5 ;  Ciris  425. 
Ovid  trist.  4.  7.  19.  Horace  sat.  i.  2.  103.  Livy  2.  28.  7  liber- 
tatem  unicuique  prius  reddendam  esse  quam  arma  danda ;  25.  29. 
I ;  39.  32.  II ;  42.  13.  II ;  44.  32.  5  hoc  unum  bellum  prius  per- 
petratum  quam  coeptum  Romae  auditum  est.  Velleius  Pater- 
culus  2.  49.  3 ;  2.  24.  4;  2.  129.  5.  Seneca  dial.  10.  9.  5  pervenisse 
se  ante  sciunt  quam  adpropinquasse ;  nat.  quaest.  2.  12.  3.  Pliny 
nat.   hist.  2.    142.     Quintilian  inst.   7.   10.    10  cogitemus  .  .  .  , 

'"  The  sense  of  the  sentence  is  the  same  as  if  it  had  a  negative  leading 
sentence. 

^^A  paper  is  now  being  prepared  for  publication  in  which  this  par- 
ticular point  will  be  taken  up. 


I02  Anteouam  and  Priusquam 

homines  ante  invenisse  artem  quam  docuisse;  inst.  7.  2.  34;  decl. 
343-  P-  354-  Tacitus  ann.  11.  28.  11  fiduciam  dabat,  .  .  .  ,  posse 
opprimi  damnatam  ante  quam  ream. 

PARTICIPIAL    CONSTRUCTION. 

(52)  A  few  examples  occur  in  which  a  participle  is  used  in  the 
dependent  sentence.  In  most  of  the  instances  the  participle  occurs 
in  an  Ablative  Absolute  phrase  and  always  with  a  negative  leading 
sentence. 

Nepos.  timol.  3.  5  neque  postea  res  ulla  .  .  .  gesta  est  publice, 
de  qua  prius  sit  decretum  quam  .  .  .  sententia  cognita.  Livy 
3.  51.  13  decemviri  .  .  .  non  ante  quam  perlatis  legibus,  .  .  .  , 
deposituros  imperium  se  aiebant;  5.  7.  7;  8.  14.  6  nee  prius  quam 
aere  soluto  is,  qui  cepisset,  extra  vincula  captum  haberet;  "*^  24.  18. 
12 ;  42.  17.  8  nee  Brundisium  ante  redire  quam  convento  C.  Valerio 
legato,  .  .  .  ,  voluit.  Pliny  nat.  hist.  7.  y2 ;  nat.  hist.  8.  3 ;  nat. 
hist.  8.  144.  Suetonius  tiber.  22  non  prius  palam  fecit,  quam 
Agrippa  iuvene  inter empto ;  galba  1 1 ;  vitell.  8  nee  ante  .  .  . 
rediit  quam  flagrante  triclinio  ... 

NULLUM  AUT  IDEM  VERBUM. 

(53)  Of  less  importance  than  the  preceding  categories  to  our 
investigation,  except  for  the  sake  of  statistical  completeness,  is 
that  large  body  of  examples  in  which  one  verb  applies  to  both  the 
leading  and  the  dependent  clause,  or  in  which  there  is  ellipsis  of 
the  dependent  verb. 

Novius  (com.  frag.  Ribbeck  II  p.  323)  ;  Terence,  andr.  967 ; 
eun.  prol.  10;  eun.  789;  hec.  262  domum  studeo  haec  prius  quam 
ille  ut  redeat;  hec.  541 ;  Lucretius  4.  282;  4.  287;  4.  296;  5.  1350; 
5.  1354;  Varro.  r.  r.  i.  39.  2;  r.  r.  i.  45.  3;  r.  r.  2.  11.  9;  1.  1. 
8.  13;  1.  1.  9.  73  itaque  prius  est  hora  prima  quam  secunda;  menip. 
447;  Cicero,  fam.  i.  2.  2;  fam.  4.  4.  3 ;  fam.  6.  18.  5;  fam.  9.  21. 
i;  fam.  11.  13.  4;  fam.  15.  16.  i;  att.  4.  15.  6;  att.  6.  9.  4;  att. 
7.  21.  I.  de  malis  nostris  tu  prius  audis  quam  ego;  att.  9.  i.  2; 

*"  *  Livy  21.  14.  4  nullum  ante  finen  pugnae  quam  morientes  fecerunt '  is 
the  only  example  of  its  kind. 


Nullum  aut  Idem  Verbum  103 

att.  9.  7.  B.  2. ;  att.  13.  21.  a.  i ;  att.  13.  45.  i ;  att.  16.  3.  3 ;  ad  brut. 
I.  16.  5 ;  verr.  i.  50;  verr.  2.  4.  26;  vefr.  2.  4.  64;  verr.  2.  4.  142; 
verr.  2.  5.  97;  quinct.  9;  cluent.  28;  leg.  agr.  2.  48  luxuriosus 
nepos,  qui  prius  silvas  vendat  quam  vineas;  leg.  agr.  2.  79;  q. 
rose.  22 ;  sulla  37 ;  sulla  71 ;  caecin.  100 ;  ad  quir.  1 1 ;  sest.  136 ;  cael. 
14;  cael.  26;  piso  3;  milo  11;  milo  64  nee  ante  repudiata  sunt 
quam  quaesita;  rab.  post.  13;  phil.  2.  48;  phil.  2.  49;  phil.  4.  5; 
phil.  13.  35;  tusc.  i.  13;  tusc.  i.  no;  tusc.  3.  i;  nat.  deo.  i.  66; 
nat.  deo.  i.  90 ;  nat.  deo.  2.  64 ;  nat.  deo.  3.  5  ;  fin.  i.  49 ;  fin.  5.  33 ; 
leg.  I.  19;  de  orat.  i.  243  qui  excogitasset  nasci  prius  oportere 
quam  emori ;  de  orat.  3.  102 ;  de  invent.  2.  80 ;  Nepos.  datam. 
3.  I ;  datam.  7.  i ;  hannib.  i.  3;  pausan.  5.  2;  att.  ii.  6;  Sallust. 
iug.  14.  4;  or.  lep.  6;  or.  macr.  11;  incert.  de  re  pub.  2.  i.  6; 
Vergil,  aen.  9.  114;  Dirae  4;  Culex  134;  Ovid  metam.  7.  569  nee 
sitis  est  extincta  prius,  quam  vita,  bibendo;  metam.  10.  66; 
metam.  14.  724;  trist.  4.  i.  57;  ep.  pont.  2.  3.  9;  ep.  pont.  i.  i. 
75;  amor.  i.  4.  13;  her.  ep.  15.  37;  Livy  i.  22.  4;  2.  56.  6;  2.  59. 
8;  3.  19.  7.  Tusculi  ante  quam  Romae  sumpta  sunt  arma;  3.  44. 
12;  6.  i.9;7.  3i.2;7.  35.  5;7.40.  10;  9.  7.  8;  9.  14.  15;  9.  17.12; 
9.  32.  9;  21.  42.  i;  21.  43.  18;  22.  19.  7;  22.  34.  6;  22.  51.  2; 
22.  59.  10;  22.  60.  17;  24.  49.  8;  27.  50.  9;  28.  41.  9  pax  ante 
in  Italia  quam  bellum  in  Africa  sit;  28.  42.  8;  29.  20.  11;  31. 
3.  I ;  32.  37.  I ;  34.  4.  8;  35.  11.  5 ;  35.  48.  i  {prior— quam)  ;  36.  3. 
8;  36.  7- 6;  36.  19.  9;  36.  45.  4;  37.  i.  i;  37-34.3;  37-  53-  21 ;  39. 
20.  8;  39.  32.  5  {prior— quam)  ;  39.  47.  4;  39.  54.  7;  40.  47.  5 ;  41. 
13.  5  ;  41.  15.  8;  41.  23.  II ;  42.  47.  5  ;  43.  22.  10  cum  inopiam  prius 
obsidentes  quam  obsessi  sensuri  essent ;  44.  30.  8 ;  44.  32.  i ;  44. 
33.  6 ;  45.  34.  3  ;  Caesar  Germanicus.  arat.  42 ;  Valerius  Maximus 
3.  4.  5 ;  3.  7.  ic ;  6.  4.  5 ;  9.  3.  ext.  4 ;  Velleius  Paterculus.  2.  104. 
4;  2.  115.  4;  Seneca,  suas.  i.  14;  suas.  2.  6;  suas.  2.  9;  controv. 

1.  I.  5 ;  controv.  i.  4.  3 ;  controv.  2.  4.  5  ;  controv.  2.  5.  4;  controv. 

2.  7.  3 ;  controv.  exc.  6.  4 ;  controv.  7.  2.  2.  quod  ante  occidisti 
patrem  quam  Ciceronem;  controv.  7.  5.  6;  controv.  7.  8.  8;  con- 
trov. 8.  2;  controv.  9.  4.  4;  controv.  9.  5.  7;  controv.  9.  6.  7; 
Columella,  r.  r.  7.  3.  11 ;  r.  r.  12.  38.  6;  Curtius.  7.  i.  5 ;  7.  4.  14; 
7.  5.  2  prius  desperatione,  quam  desiderio  bibendi ;  8.  4.  6 ;  9.  6.  22 ; 
Celsus.  4.  2 ;  Manilius.  5.  62 ;  Petronius.  sat.  3 ;  Seneca,  dial. 
2.  8.  I ;  dial.  3.  11.  5;  dial.  5.  29.  2;  dial.  11.  12.  5;  dial.  11.  16.  7; 
dial.  12.  4.  3.;  dial.  12.  16.  7;  ben.  6.  25.  5;  clem.  i.  8.  7;  nat. 
quaest.  2.  30.  4;  nat.  quaest.  3.  17.  3;  nat.  quaest.  3.  26.  5;  nat. 


104  Antequam  and  Priusquam 

quaest.  4.  praef.  15;  ep.  17.  5;  ep.  17.  8;  ep.  19.  10;  ep.  50. 
7  ad  neminem  ante  bona  mens  venit  quam  mala;  ep.  61.  4;  ep. 
89.  19;  ep.  97.  11;  Oct.  89;  Oct.  227;  Pliny,  nat.  hist.  i. 
Index  16.  48;  nat.  hist.  i.  ind.  21.  66;  nat.  hist  5.  53;  nat.  hist. 
7.  96;  nat.  hist.  8.  9;  nat.  hist.  10.  65;  nat.  hist.  10.  83;  nat.  hist. 

10.  181;  nat.  hist.  12.  80;  nat.  hist.  16.  222;  nat.  hist.  17.  194; 
nat.  hist.  18.  11 ;  nat.  hist.  18.  241;  nat.  hist.  19.  49;  nat.  hist. 
19.  138;  nat.  hist.  24.  2.  si  prius  manu  quam  ferro  attingantur; 
Quintilian.  inst.  i.  i.  24;  inst.  i.  2.  7;  inst.  i.  6.  34;  inst.  2.  3.  2; 
inst.  2.  4.  17;  inst.  3.  2.  2;  inst.  4.  2.  27;  inst.  6.  4.  i.  prius  quam 
secundam  .  .  .  haec  .  .  .  tracturus  .  .  .  videor;  inst.  5.  13.  44; 
inst.  5.  13.  59;  inst.  5.  14.  17;  inst.  9.  I.  19;  inst.  9.  4.  115;  inst. 

11.  I.  63;  inst.  II.  2.  8;  inst.  12.  3.  5;  decl.  324.  p.  276;  decl. 
324.  p.  2TJ)  decl.  353  p.  384;  decl.  366.  p.  401 ;  decl.  373.  p.  412; 
Lucan.  phars.  8.  349;  phars.  10.  278  ante  tamen  vestros  amnes 
.  .  .  quam  Nilum  de  fonte  bibit;  Silius  Italicus.  pun.  11.  127; 
Martial.  2.  70;  Pliny,  ep.  8.  14.  4;  ep.  8.  14.  5;  paneg.  15.  5; 
paneg.  92.  i ;  Tacitus  ann.  2.  71.  21 ;  ann.  11.  31.  5  securitati  ante 
quam  vindictae  consuleret;  ann.  13.  17.  12;  ann.  14.  31.  21;  hist. 
4.  25.  II;  hist.  5.  5.  11;  Suetonius,  nero  6;  domit.  6;  domit.  9; 
otho  7. 

UNCLASSIFIED. 

(54)  A  number  of  examples  because  of  insufficient  or  corrupt 
text  cannot  be  classified  with  certainty. 

Pacuvius  iliona  (trag.  frag.  Rib.  I  p.  114);  Accius  athamas 
(trag.  frag.  Rib.  I.  p.  184)  ;  Titinius.  barb.  2.  (com.  frag.  Rib. 
2  p.  157)  ;  Caecilius  Statius.  hypob.  8.  (com.  frag.  Rib.  2.  p. 
57);  Ennius  annal.  421;  Plautus.  true.  523;  aulul.  154;  epid. 
627;  poen.  1398;  Varro.  r.  r.  i.  40.  2;  menip.  145;  menip.  561; 
Cicero,  fam.  8.  11.  3  (caelius)  ;  tusc.  i.  106  (same  as  Pacuvius 
iliona.  supra.). 


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Asconius  (Comm .  in  Ciceron,) ,  Orelli  and  Baiter  Ciceronis  opera,  Vol.  V, 
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Caesar  Bell.  Gall.     Kiibler.     1893. 

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Coelius  Antipater  (Historici  Romani).     Peter.     1883. 

Calpurnius  Siculus  (Poet.  Lat.  Min.  III).    Baehrens.     1881. 

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Cato  (M.  Catonis  praeter  librum  de  re  rustica  quae  extant).  Jordan. 
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Catullus.    Ellis.     1878.  "^ 

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VITA. 

I  was  born  in  Staunton,  in  the  State  of  Virginia,  on  the  26th  day  of 
May,  1875.  I  received  my  early  education  in  my  native  town  at  the 
Staunton  Military  Academy  from  which  I  graduated  at  the  age  of  17. 
In  the  autumn  of  1893  I  entered  the  University  of  Virginia  at  Char- 
lottesville, and  after  three  sessions  of  work  there  was  awarded  the  de- 
grees of  Bachelor  of  Arts  and  Master  of  Arts.  The  following  session 
was  devoted  to  graduate  work  in  Latin  and  Greek  in  the  same  University 
under  the  direction  of  Professor  William  E.  Peters  and  Professor  M. 
W.  Humphreys,  to  whom  I  gratefully  ascribe  my  first  impulse  to  ad- 
vanced study. 

In  October,  1897,  I  came  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  for  three 
years  have  been  engaged  in  the  study  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  German. 
My  hearty  thanks  are  due  Professors  Smith,  Warren,  Wilson,  Gilder- 
sleeve,  and  Wood  for  their  encouragement,  advice,  and  scholarly  ex- 
ample. 

Walter  Hullihen. 

Baltimore,  May,  1900. 


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